@article{3058083,
    title = "Associations between fine and coarse particles and mortality in Mediterranean cities: Results from the MED-PARTICLES project",
    author = "Samoli, E. and Stafoggia, M. and Rodopoulou, S. and Ostro, B. and Declercq, C. and Alessandrini, E. and Díaz, J. and Karanasiou, A. and Kelessis, A.G. and Tertre, A.L. and Pandolfi, P. and Randi, G. and Scarinzi, C. and Zauli-Sajani, S. and Katsouyanni, K. and Forastiere, F. and Alessandrini, E. and Angelini, P. and Berti, G. and Bisanti, L. and Cadum, E. and Catrambone, M. and Chiusolo, M. and Davoli, M. and de’ Donato, F. and Demaria, M. and Gandini, M. and Grosa, M. and Faustini, A. and Ferrari, S. and Forastiere, F. and Pandolfi, P. and Pelosini, R. and Perrino, C. and Pietrodangelo, A. and Pizzi, L. and Poluzzi, V. and Priod, G. and Randi, G. and Ranzi, A. and Rowinski, M. and Scarinzi, C. and Stivanello, E. and Zauli-Sajani, S. and Dimakopoulou, K. and Elefteriadis, K. and Katsouyanni, K. and G.Kelessis, A. and Maggos, T. and Michalopoulos, N. and Pateraki, S. and Petrakakis, M. and Rodopoulou, S. and Samoli, E. and Sypsa, V. and Agis, D. and Alguacil, J. and Artiñano, B. and Barrera-Gómez, J. and Basagaña, X. and de la Rosa, J. and Diaz, J. and Fernandez, R. and Jacquemin, B. and Linares, C. and Ostro, B. and Pérez, N. and Pey, J. and Querol, X. and Sanchez, AM. and Sunyer, J. and Tobias, A. and Bidondo, M. and Declercq, C. and Le Tertre, A. and Lozano, P. and Medina, S. and Pascal, L. and Pascal, M. and MED-PARTICLES Study Group:",
    journal = "Environmental Health Perspectives",
    year = "2013",
    volume = "121",
    number = "8",
    pages = "932-938",
    publisher = "Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services",
    issn = "0091-6765, 1552-9924",
    doi = "10.1289/ehp.1206124",
    keywords = "aged;  article;  cardiovascular mortality;  disease association;  environmental exposure;  female;  human;  influenza;  major clinical study;  male;  mortality;  particulate matter;  priority journal;  respiratory failure;  seasonal variation;  Southern Europe;  statistical model;  temperature;  weather, Aged;  Air Pollutants;  Case-Control Studies;  Cities;  Cross-Over Studies;  Environmental Exposure;  Environmental Monitoring;  Female;  Humans;  Male;  Mediterranean Region;  Models, Theoretical;  Mortality;  Particle Size;  Particulate Matter;  Seasons",
    abstract = "Background: Few studies have investigated the independent health effects of different size fractions of particulate matter (PM) in multiple locations, especially in Europe. Objectives: We estimated the short-term effects of PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ ; 10; μm (PM10), ≤ 2.5; μm (PM2.5), and between 2.5 and 10; μm (PM2.5-10) on all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in 10 European Mediterranean metropolitan areas within the MED-PARTICLES project. Methods: We analyzed data from each city using Poisson regression models, and combined city-specific estimates to derive overall effect estimates. We evaluated the sensitivity of our estimates to co-pollutant exposures and city-specific model choice, and investigated effect modification by age, sex, and season. We applied distributed lag and threshold models to investigate temporal patterns of associations. Results: A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 0.55% (95% CI: 0.27, 0.84%) increase in all-cause mortality (0-1 day cumulative lag), and a 1.91% increase (95% CI: 0.71, 3.12%) in respiratory mortality (0-5 day lag). In general, associations were stronger for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality than all-cause mortality, during warm versus cold months, and among those ≥ 75 versus < 75 years of age. Associations with PM2.5-10 were positive but not statistically significant in most analyses, whereas associations with PM10 seemed to be driven by PM2.5. Conclusions: We found evidence of adverse effects of PM2.5 on mortality outcomes in the European Mediterranean region. Associations with PM2.5-10 were positive but smaller in magnitude. Associations were stronger for respiratory mortality when cumulative exposures were lagged over 0-5 days, and were modified by season and age."
}