@article{3061412,
    title = "Predicting the oral absorption of a poorly soluble, poorly permeable weak base using biorelevant dissolution and transfer model tests coupled with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model",
    author = "Wagner, C. and Jantratid, E. and Kesisoglou, F. and Vertzoni, M. and Reppas, C. and B. Dressman, J.",
    journal = "European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics",
    year = "2012",
    volume = "82",
    number = "1",
    pages = "127-138",
    issn = "0939-6411",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.05.008",
    keywords = "benzenesulfonamide derivative;  n[4 [2 [[2 hydroxy 2 (pyridine 3 yl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl] 4 [4 [4 (trifluoro methylphenyl]thiazol 2 yl]benzenesulfonamide;  unclassified drug, area under the curve;  article;  chemical composition;  computer model;  computer program;  controlled drug release;  diet restriction;  dissolution;  drug absorption;  drug blood level;  drug distribution;  drug elimination;  drug penetration;  drug solubility;  food intake;  high performance liquid chromatography;  human;  human cell;  human experiment;  immediate drug release;  in vitro study;  in vivo study;  intestine fluid;  intestine mucosa permeability;  male;  maximum plasma concentration;  normal human, Administration, Oral;  Caco-2 Cells;  Chemical Precipitation;  Computer Simulation;  Food-Drug Interactions;  Humans;  Hydrogen-Ion Concentration;  Intestinal Absorption;  Male;  Models, Biological;  Permeability;  Pharmaceutical Preparations;  Solubility",
    abstract = "For predicting food effects and simulating plasma profiles of poorly soluble drugs, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models have become a widely accepted tool in academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Up till now, however, simulations appearing in the open literature have mainly focused on BCS class II compounds, and many of these simulations tend to have more of a "retrospective" than a prognostic, predictive character. In this work, investigations on the absorption of a weakly basic BCS class IV drug, "Compound A", were performed. The objective was to predict the plasma profiles of an immediate release (IR) formulation of Compound A in the fasted and fed state. For this purpose, in vitro biorelevant dissolution tests and transfer model experiments were conducted. Dissolution and precipitation kinetics were then combined with in vivo post-absorptive disposition parameters using STELLA® software. As Compound A not only exhibits poor solubility but also poor permeability, a previously developed STELLA® model was revised to accommodate the less than optimal permeability characteristics as well as precipitation of the drug in the fasted state small intestine. Permeability restrictions were introduced into the model using an absorption rate constant calculated from the Caco-2 permeability value of Compound A, the effective intestinal surface area and appropriate intestinal fluid volumes. The results show that biorelevant dissolution tests are a helpful tool to predict food effects of Compound A qualitatively. However, the plasma profiles of Compound A could only be predicted quantitatively when the results of biorelevant dissolution test were coupled with the newly developed PBPK model. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved."
}