@article{3063838,
    title = "A method to stabilise the performance of negatively fed KM3NeT photomultipliers",
    author = "Adrián-Martínez, S. and Ageron, M. and Aiello, S. and Albert, A. and Ameli, F. and Anassontzis, E.G. and Andre, M. and Androulakis, G. and Anghinolfi, M. and Anton, G. and Ardid, M. and Avgitas, T. and Barbarino, G. and Barbarito, E. and Baret, B. and Barrios-Martí, J. and Belias, A. and Berbee, E. and Van Den Berg, A. and Bertin, V. and Beurthey, S. and Van Beveren, V. and Beverini, N. and Biagi, S. and Biagioni, A. and Billault, M. and Bondì, M. and Bormuth, R. and Bouhadef, B. and Bourlis, G. and Bourret, S. and Boutonnet, C. and Bouwhuis, M. and Bozza, C. and Bruijn, R. and Brunner, J. and Buis, E. and Buompane, R. and Busto, J. and Cacopardo, G. and Caillat, L. and Calamai, M. and Calvo, D. and Capone, A. and Caramete, L. and Cecchini, S. and Celli, S. and Champion, C. and Cherubini, S. and Chiarella, V. and Chiarelli, L. and Chiarusi, T. and Circella, M. and Classen, L. and Cobas, D. and Cocimano, R. and Coelho, J.A.B. and Coleiro, A. and Colonges, S. and Coniglione, R. and Cordelli, M. and Cosquer, A. and Coyle, P. and Creusot, A. and Cuttone, G. and D'Amato, C. and D'Amico, A. and D'Onofrio, A. and De Bonis, G. and De Sio, C. and Di Capua, F. and Di Palma, I. and Distefano, C. and Donzaud, C. and Dornic, D. and Dorosti-Hasankiadeh, Q. and Drakopoulou, E. and Drouhin, D. and Durocher, M. and Eberl, T. and Eichie, S. and Van Eijk, D. and El Bojaddaini, I. and Elsaesser, D. and Enzenhöfer, A. and Favaro, M. and Fermani, P. and Ferrara, G. and Frascadore, G. and Furini, M. and Fusco, L.A. and Gal, T. and Galatà, S. and Garufi, F. and Gay, P. and Gebyehu, M. and Giacomini, F. and Gialanella, L. and Giordano, V. and Gizani, N. and Gracia, R. and Graf, K. and Grégoire, T. and Grella, G. and Grmek, A. and Guerzoni, M. and Habel, R. and Hallmann, S. and Van Haren, H. and Harissopulos, S. and Heid, T. and Heijboer, A. and Heine, E. and Henry, S. and Hernández-Rey, J.J. and Hevinga, M. and Hofestädt, J. and Hugon, C.M.F. and Illuminati, G. and James, C.W. and Jansweijer, P. and Jongen, M. and De Jong, M. and Kadler, M. and Kalekin, O. and Kappes, A. and Katz, U.F. and Keller, P. and Kieft, G. and Kießling, D. and Koffeman, E.N. and Kooijman, P. and Kouchner, A. and Kreter, M. and Kulikovskiy, V. and Lahmann, R. and Lamare, P. and Leisos, A. and Leonora, E. and Clark, M.L. and Liolios, A. and Alvarez, C.D.L. and Lo Presti, D. and Löhner, H. and Lonardo, A. and Lotze, M. and Loucatos, S. and Maccioni, E. and Mannheim, K. and Manzali, M. and Margiotta, A. and Margotti, A. and Marinelli, A. and Mariš, O. and Markou, C. and Martínez-Mora, J.A. and Martini, A. and Marzaioli, F. and Mele, R. and Melis, K.W. and Michael, T. and Migliozzi, P. and Migneco, E. and Mijakowski, P. and Miraglia, A. and Mollo, C.M. and Mongelli, M. and Morganti, M. and Moussa, A. and Musico, P. and Musumeci, M. and Nicolau, C.A. and Olcina, I. and Olivetto, C. and Orlando, A. and Orzelli, A. and Pancaldi, G. and Paolucci, A. and Papaikonomou, A. and Papaleo, R. and Pǎvǎlaš, G.E. and Peek, H. and Pellegrini, G. and Pellegrino, C. and Perrina, C. and Pfutzner, M. and Piattelli, P. and Pikounis, K. and Poma, G.E. and Popa, V. and Pradier, T. and Pratolongo, F. and Pühlhofer, G. and Pulvirenti, S. and Quinn, L. and Racca, C. and Raffaelli, F. and Randazzo, N. and Real, D. and Resvanis, L. and Reubelt, J. and Riccobene, G. and Rossi, C. and Rovelli, A. and Saldaña, M. and Salvadori, I. and Samtleben, D.F.E. and Sánchez García, A. and Sánchez Losa, A. and Sanguineti, M. and Santangelo, A. and Santonocito, D. and Sapienza, P. and Schimmel, F. and Schmelling, J. and Schnabel, J. and Sciacca, V. and Sedita, M. and Seitz, T. and Sgura, I. and Simeone, F. and Sipala, V. and Spisso, B. and Spurio, M. and Stavropoulos, G. and Steijger, J. and Stellacci, S.M. and Stransky, D. and Taiuti, M. and Tayalati, Y. and Terrasi, F. and Tézier, D. and Theraube, S. and Timmer, P. and Tönnis, C. and Trasatti, L. and Travaglini, R. and Trovato, A. and Tsirigotis, A. and Tzamarias, S. and Tzamariudaki, E. and Vallage, B. and Van Elewyck, V. and Vermeulen, J. and Versari, F. and Vicini, P. and Viola, S. and Vivolo, D. and Volkert, M. and Wiggers, L. and Wilms, J. and De Wolf, E. and Zachariadou, K. and Zani, S. and Zornoza, J.D. and Zúñiga, J.",
    journal = "Journal of Instrumentation",
    year = "2016",
    volume = "11",
    number = "12",
    publisher = "INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING",
    issn = "1748-0221",
    doi = "10.1088/1748-0221/11/12/P12014",
    keywords = "Electric fields;  Field emission cathodes;  Ground supports;  Insulation;  Neutrons;  Particle detectors;  Photocathodes;  Photons;  Telescopes, Astroparticle physics;  Conformal coatings;  Neutrino detectors;  Neutrino telescopes;  Photo multiplier tube;  Photon detector;  Research infrastructure;  Support structures, Photomultipliers",
    abstract = "The KM3NeT research infrastructure, currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, will host neutrino telescopes for the identification of neutrino sources in the Universe and for studies of the neutrino mass hierarchy. These telescopes will house hundreds of thousands of photomultiplier tubes that will have to be operated in a stable and reliable fashion. In this context, the stability of the dark counts has been investigated for photomultiplier tubes with negative high voltage on the photocathode and held in insulating support structures made of 3D printed nylon material. Small gaps between the rigid support structure and the photomultiplier tubes in the presence of electric fields can lead to discharges that produce dark count rates that are highly variable. A solution was found by applying the same insulating varnish as used for the high voltage bases directly to the outside of the photomultiplier tubes. This transparent conformal coating provides a convenient and inexpensive method of insulation. © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab srl."
}