@article{3067660,
    title = "Photoreactivity of indirubin derivatives",
    author = "Olivier, D. and Poincelot, M.-A. and Douillard, S. and Lefevre, C. and Moureau, J. and Ferandin, Y. and Bettayeb, K. and Xiao, Z. and Magiatis, P. and Skaltsounis, L. and Meijer, L. and Patrice, T.",
    journal = "Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences",
    year = "2008",
    volume = "7",
    number = "3",
    pages = "328-336",
    publisher = "Royal Society of Chemistry",
    doi = "10.1039/b711261k",
    keywords = "indirubin;  phosphotransferase inhibitor;  photosensitizing agent;  reactive oxygen metabolite, animal cell;  article;  blood flow;  cancer inhibition;  cell death;  cell survival;  controlled study;  drug effect;  drug inhibition;  fetal calf serum;  fluorescence;  glioma cell;  human;  human cell;  mouse;  nonhuman;  photodynamic therapy;  photoreactivity;  phototoxicity;  priority journal;  rat, Murinae",
    abstract = "Twenty-nine analogs of indirubin, an isomer of indigo, have been synthesized to optimize its promising kinase inhibitory scaffold. These compounds being also pigmented, have been tested for their photoreactivity. Absorption maxima were between 485 nm and 560 nm. Addition of fetal calf serum induced fluorescence and time dependent absorption modifications. Appropriate illumination induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production for nineteen compounds out of twenty-nine. The relationship between fluorescence and ROS production is discussed. Six compounds showed an important toxicity on F98 cells, a murine glioma cell line. Three of these were found to be also phototoxic, as four other non-toxic compounds. All but onze phototoxic compounds were detected as ROS producers by in vitro tests. Photoreactivity assessment is important to anticipate adverse reactions for compounds that might be clinically developed. The experimental assay was found to be the only way to evaluate the photoreactivity of this family of compounds since no predictive criteria on structures could be found. Combining the vascular tumor growth inhibition induced by kinase inhibitors with the massive local blood flow arrest following photodynamic treatment may be an efficient anti-cancer strategy. These data could orientate further syntheses of either non-photoreactive compounds or compounds displaying both kinase inhibitory activity and strong phototoxicity. © The Royal Society of Chemistry and Owner Societies."
}