@article{3068451,
    title = "Gaia Early Data Release 3: The Galactic anticentre",
    author = "Antoja, T. and McMillan, P.J. and Kordopatis, G. and Ramos, P. and Helmi, A. and Balbinot, E. and Cantat-Gaudin, T. and Chemin, L. and Figueras, F. and Jordi, C. and Khanna, S. and Romero-Gómez, M. and Seabroke, G.M. and Brown, A.G.A. and Vallenari, A. and Prusti, T. and De Bruijne, J.H.J. and Babusiaux, C. and Biermann, M. and Creevey, O.L. and Evans, D.W. and Eyer, L. and Hutton, A. and Jansen, F. and Klioner, S.A. and Lammers, U. and Lindegren, L. and Luri, X. and Mignard, F. and Panem, C. and Pourbaix, D. and Randich, S. and Sartoretti, P. and Soubiran, C. and Walton, N.A. and Arenou, F. and Bailer-Jones, C.A.L. and Bastian, U. and Cropper, M. and Drimmel, R. and Katz, D. and Lattanzi, M.G. and Van Leeuwen, F. and Bakker, J. and Castañeda, J. and De Angeli, F. and Ducourant, C. and Fabricius, C. and Fouesneau, M. and Frémat, Y. and Guerra, R. and Guerrier, A. and Guiraud, J. and Jean-Antoine Piccolo, A. and Masana, E. and Messineo, R. and Mowlavi, N. and Nicolas, C. and Nienartowicz, K. and Pailler, F. and Panuzzo, P. and Riclet, F. and Roux, W. and Sordo, R. and Tanga, P. and Thévenin, F. and Gracia-Abril, G. and Portell, J. and Teyssier, D. and Altmann, M. and Andrae, R. and Bellas-Velidis, I. and Benson, K. and Berthier, J. and Blomme, R. and Brugaletta, E. and Burgess, P.W. and Busso, G. and Carry, B. and Cellino, A. and Cheek, N. and Clementini, G. and Damerdji, Y. and Davidson, M. and Delchambre, L. and Dell'Oro, A. and Fernández-Hernández, J. and Galluccio, L. and García-Lario, P. and Garcia-Reinaldos, M. and González-Núñez, J. and Gosset, E. and Haigron, R. and Halbwachs, J.-L. and Hambly, N.C. and Harrison, D.L. and Hatzidimitriou, D. and Heiter, U. and Hernández, J. and Hestroffer, D. and Hodgkin, S.T. and Holl, B. and Janßen, K. and Jevardat De Fombelle, G. and Jordan, S. and Krone-Martins, A. and Lanzafame, A.C. and Löffler, W. and Lorca, A. and Manteiga, M. and Marchal, O. and Marrese, P.M. and Moitinho, A. and Mora, A. and Muinonen, K. and Osborne, P. and Pancino, E. and Pauwels, T. and Recio-Blanco, A. and Richards, P.J. and Riello, M. and Rimoldini, L. and Robin, A.C. and Roegiers, T. and Rybizki, J. and Sarro, L.M. and Siopis, C. and Smith, M. and Sozzetti, A. and Ulla, A. and Utrilla, E. and Van Leeuwen, M. and Van Reeven, W. and Abbas, U. and Abreu Aramburu, A. and Accart, S. and Aerts, C. and Aguado, J.J. and Ajaj, M. and Altavilla, G. and Álvarez, M.A. and Álvarez Cid-Fuentes, J. and Alves, J. and Anderson, R.I. and Varela, E.A. and Audard, M. and Baines, D. and Baker, S.G. and Balaguer-Núñez, L. and Balog, Z. and Barache, C. and Barbato, D. and Barros, M. and Barstow, M.A. and Bartolomé, S. and Bassilana, J.-L. and Bauchet, N. and Baudesson-Stella, A. and Becciani, U. and Bellazzini, M. and Bernet, M. and Bertone, S. and Bianchi, L. and Blanco-Cuaresma, S. and Boch, T. and Bombrun, A. and Bossini, D. and Bouquillon, S. and Bragaglia, A. and Bramante, L. and Breedt, E. and Bressan, A. and Brouillet, N. and Bucciarelli, B. and Burlacu, A. and Busonero, D. and Butkevich, A.G. and Buzzi, R. and Caffau, E. and Cancelliere, R. and Cánovas, H. and Carballo, R. and Carlucci, T. and Carnerero, M.I. and Carrasco, J.M. and Casamiquela, L. and Castellani, M. and Castro-Ginard, A. and Castro Sampol, P. and Chaoul, L. and Charlot, P. and Chiavassa, A. and Cioni, M.-R.L. and Comoretto, G. and Cooper, W.J. and Cornez, T. and Cowell, S. and Crifo, F. and Crosta, M. and Crowley, C. and Dafonte, C. and Dapergolas, A. and David, M. and David, P. and De Laverny, P. and De Luise, F. and De March, R. and De Ridder, J. and De Souza, R. and De Teodoro, P. and De Torres, A. and Del Peloso, E.F. and Del Pozo, E. and Delgado, A. and Delgado, H.E. and Delisle, J.-B. and Di Matteo, P. and Diakite, S. and Diener, C. and Distefano, E. and Dolding, C. and Eappachen, D. and Enke, H. and Esquej, P. and Fabre, C. and Fabrizio, M. and Faigler, S. and Fedorets, G. and Fernique, P. and Fienga, A. and Fouron, C. and Fragkoudi, F. and Fraile, E. and Franke, F. and Gai, M. and Garabato, D. and Garcia-Gutierrez, A. and García-Torres, M. and Garofalo, A. and Gavras, P. and Gerlach, E. and Geyer, R. and Giacobbe, P. and Gilmore, G. and Girona, S. and Giuffrida, G. and Gomez, A. and Gonzalez-Santamaria, I. and González-Vidal, J.J. and Granvik, M. and Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R. and Guy, L.P. and Hauser, M. and Haywood, M. and Hidalgo, S.L. and Hilger, T. and Hładczuk, N. and Hobbs, D. and Holland, G. and Huckle, H.E. and Jasniewicz, G. and Jonker, P.G. and Juaristi Campillo, J. and Julbe, F. and Karbevska, L. and Kervella, P. and Kochoska, A. and Kontizas, M. and Korn, A.J. and Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z. and Kruszyńska, K. and Lambert, S. and Lanza, A.F. and Lasne, Y. and Le Campion, J.-F. and Le Fustec, Y. and Lebreton, Y. and Lebzelter, T. and Leccia, S. and Leclerc, N. and Lecoeur-Taibi, I. and Liao, S. and Licata, E. and Lindstrøm, H.E.P. and Lister, T.A. and Livanou, E. and Lobel, A. and Madrero Pardo, P. and Managau, S. and Mann, R.G. and Marchant, J.M. and Marconi, M. and Marcos Santos, M.M.S. and Marinoni, S. and Marocco, F. and Marshall, D.J. and Martin Polo, L. and Martín-Fleitas, J.M. and Masip, A. and Massari, D. and Mastrobuono-Battisti, A. and Mazeh, T. and Messina, S. and Michalik, D. and Millar, N.R. and Mints, A. and Molina, D. and Molinaro, R. and Molnár, L. and Montegriffo, P. and Mor, R. and Morbidelli, R. and Morel, T. and Morris, D. and Mulone, A.F. and Munoz, D. and Muraveva, T. and Murphy, C.P. and Musella, I. and Noval, L. and Ordénovic, C. and Orrù, G. and Osinde, J. and Pagani, C. and Pagano, I. and Palaversa, L. and Palicio, P.A. and Panahi, A. and Pawlak, M. and Peñalosa Esteller, X. and Penttilä, A. and Piersimoni, A.M. and Pineau, F.-X. and Plachy, E. and Plum, G. and Poggio, E. and Poretti, E. and Poujoulet, E. and Prša, A. and Pulone, L. and Racero, E. and Ragaini, S. and Rainer, M. and Raiteri, C.M. and Rambaux, N. and Ramos-Lerate, M. and Re Fiorentin, P. and Regibo, S. and Reylé, C. and Ripepi, V. and Riva, A. and Rixon, G. and Robichon, N. and Robin, C. and Roelens, M. and Rohrbasser, L. and Rowell, N. and Royer, F. and Rybicki, K.A. and Sadowski, G. and Sagristà Sellés, A. and Sahlmann, J. and Salgado, J. and Salguero, E. and Samaras, N. and Sanchez Gimenez, V. and Sanna, N. and Santoveña, R. and Sarasso, M. and Schultheis, M. and Sciacca, E. and Segol, M. and Segovia, J.C. and Ségransan, D. and Semeux, D. and Siddiqui, H.I. and Siebert, A. and Siltala, L. and Slezak, E. and Smart, R.L. and Solano, E. and Solitro, F. and Souami, D. and Souchay, J. and Spagna, A. and Spoto, F. and Steele, I.A. and Steidelmüller, H. and Stephenson, C.A. and Süveges, M. and Szabados, L. and Szegedi-Elek, E. and Taris, F. and Tauran, G. and Taylor, M.B. and Teixeira, R. and Thuillot, W. and Tonello, N. and Torra, F. and Torra, J. and Turon, C. and Unger, N. and Vaillant, M. and Van Dillen, E. and Vanel, O. and Vecchiato, A. and Viala, Y. and Vicente, D. and Voutsinas, S. and Weiler, M. and Wevers, T. and Wyrzykowski, L. and Yoldas, A. and Yvard, P. and Zhao, H. and Zorec, J. and Zucker, S. and Zurbach, C. and Zwitter, T.",
    journal = "Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "649",
    publisher = "EDP Sciences",
    issn = "0275-1062",
    doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/202039714",
    keywords = "Angular momentum;  Data streams;  Galaxies;  Geometrical optics;  Orbits;  Photometry;  Stars, Azimuthal velocity;  Density structures;  European Space Agency;  Galactic centres;  Global structure;  New correlations;  Vertical asymmetry;  Vertical velocity, Satellites",
    abstract = "Aims. We aim to demonstrate the scientific potential of the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) for the study of different aspects of the Milky Way structure and evolution and we provide, at the same time, a description of several practical aspects of the data and examples of their usage. Methods. We used astrometric positions, proper motions, parallaxes, and photometry from EDR3 to select different populations and components and to calculate the distances and velocities in the direction of the anticentre. In this direction, the Gaia astrometric data alone enable the calculation of the vertical and azimuthal velocities; also, the extinction is relatively low compared to other directions in the Galactic plane. We then explore the disturbances of the current disc, the spatial and kinematical distributions of early accreted versus in situ stars, the structures in the outer parts of the disc, and the orbits of open clusters Berkeley 29 and Saurer 1. Results. With the improved astrometry and photometry of EDR3, we find that: (i) the dynamics of the Galactic disc are very complex with oscillations in the median rotation and vertical velocities as a function of radius, vertical asymmetries, and new correlations, including a bimodality with disc stars with large angular momentum moving vertically upwards from below the plane, and disc stars with slightly lower angular momentum moving preferentially downwards; (ii) we resolve the kinematic substructure (diagonal ridges) in the outer parts of the disc for the first time; (iii) the red sequence that has been associated with the proto-Galactic disc that was present at the time of the merger with Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage is currently radially concentrated up to around 14 kpc, while the blue sequence that has been associated with debris of the satellite extends beyond that; (iv) there are density structures in the outer disc, both above and below the plane, most probably related to Monoceros, the Anticentre Stream, and TriAnd, for which the Gaia data allow an exhaustive selection of candidate member stars and dynamical study; and (v) the open clusters Berkeley 29 and Saurer 1, despite being located at large distances from the Galactic centre, are on nearly circular disc-like orbits. Conclusions. Even with our simple preliminary exploration of the Gaia EDR3, we demonstrate how, once again, these data from the European Space Agency are crucial for our understanding of the different pieces of our Galaxy and their connection to its global structure and history. © ESO 2021."
}