@article{3069317,
    title = "Mapping the milky way disc kinematics",
    author = "Katz, D. and Antoja, T. and Romero-Gómez, M. and Drimmel, R. and Reylé, C. and Seabroke, G.M. and Soubiran, C. and Babusiaux, C. and Di Matteo, P. and Figueras, F. and Poggio, E. and Robin, A.C. and Evans, D.W. and Brown, A.G.A. and Vallenari, A. and Prusti, T. and De Bruijne, J.H.J. and Bailer-Jones, C.A.L. and Biermann, M. and Eyer, L. and Jansen, F. and Jordi, C. and Klioner, S.A. and Lammers, U. and Lindegren, L. and Luri, X. and Mignard, F. and Panem, C. and Pourbaix, D. and Randich, S. and Sartoretti, P. and Siddiqui, H.I. and Van Leeuwen, F. and Walton, N.A. and Arenou, F. and Bastian, U. and Cropper, M. and Lattanzi, M.G. and Bakker, J. and Cacciari, C. and Castañeda, J. and Chaoul, L. and Cheek, N. and De Angeli, F. and Fabricius, C. and Guerra, R. and Holl, B. and Masana, E. and Messineo, R. and Mowlavi, N. and Nienartowicz, K. and Panuzzo, P. and Portell, J. and Riello, M. and Tanga, P. and Thévenin, F. and Gracia-Abril, G. and Comoretto, G. and Garcia-Reinaldos, M. and Teyssier, D. and Altmann, M. and Andrae, R. and Audard, M. and Bellas-Velidis, I. and Benson, K. and Berthier, J. and Blomme, R. and Burgess, P. and Busso, G. and Carry, B. and Cellino, A. and Clementini, G. and Clotet, M. and Creevey, O. and Davidson, M. and De Ridder, J. and Delchambre, L. and Dell'Oro, A. and Ducourant, C. and Fernández-Hernández, J. and Fouesneau, M. and Frémat, Y. and Galluccio, L. and García-Torres, M. and González-Núñez, J. and González-Vidal, J.J. and Gosset, E. and Guy, L.P. and Halbwachs, J.-L. and Hambly, N.C. and Harrison, D.L. and Hernández, J. and Hestroffer, D. and Hodgkin, S.T. and Hutton, A. and Jasniewicz, G. and Jean-Antoine-Piccolo, A. and Jordan, S. and Korn, A.J. and Krone-Martins, A. and Lanzafame, A.C. and Lebzelter, T. and Löffler, W. and Manteiga, M. and Marrese, P.M. and Martín-Fleitas, J.M. and Moitinho, A. and Mora, A. and Muinonen, K. and Osinde, J. and Pancino, E. and Pauwels, T. and Petit, J.-M. and Recio-Blanco, A. and Richards, P.J. and Rimoldini, L. and Sarro, L.M. and Siopis, C. and Smith, M. and Sozzetti, A. and Süveges, M. and Torra, J. and Van Reeven, W. and Abbas, U. and Abreu Aramburu, A. and Accart, S. and Aerts, C. and Altavilla, G. and Álvarez, M.A. and Alvarez, R. and Alves, J. and Anderson, R.I. and Andrei, A.H. and Anglada Varela, E. and Antiche, E. and Arcay, B. and Astraatmadja, T.L. and Bach, N. and Baker, S.G. and Balaguer-Núñez, L. and Balm, P. and Barache, C. and Barata, C. and Barbato, D. and Barblan, F. and Barklem, P.S. and Barrado, D. and Barros, M. and Barstow, M.A. and Bartholomé Muñoz, S. and Bassilana, J.-L. and Becciani, U. and Bellazzini, M. and Berihuete, A. and Bertone, S. and Bianchi, L. and Bienaymé, O. and Blanco-Cuaresma, S. and Boch, T. and Boeche, C. and Bombrun, A. and Borrachero, R. and Bossini, D. and Bouquillon, S. and Bourda, G. and Bragaglia, A. and Bramante, L. and Breddels, M.A. and Bressan, A. and Brouillet, N. and Brüsemeister, T. and Brugaletta, E. and Bucciarelli, B. and Burlacu, A. and Busonero, D. and Butkevich, A.G. and Buzzi, R. and Caffau, E. and Cancelliere, R. and Cannizzaro, G. and Cantat-Gaudin, T. and Carballo, R. and Carlucci, T. and Carrasco, J.M. and Casamiquela, L. and Castellani, M. and Castro-Ginard, A. and Charlot, P. and Chemin, L. and Chiavassa, A. and Cocozza, G. and Costigan, G. and Cowell, S. and Crifo, F. and Crosta, M. and Crowley, C. and Cuypersy, J. and Dafonte, C. and Damerdji, Y. and Dapergolas, A. and David, P. and David, M. and De Laverny, P. and De Luise, F. and De March, R. and De Souza, R. and De Torres, A. and Debosscher, J. and Del Pozo, E. and Delbo, M. and Delgado, A. and Delgado, H.E. and Diakite, S. and Diener, C. and Distefano, E. and Dolding, C. and Drazinos, P. and Durán, J. and Edvardsson, B. and Enke, H. and Eriksson, K. and Esquej, P. and Eynard Bontemps, G. and Fabre, C. and Fabrizio, M. and Faigler, S. and Falcão, A.J. and Farràs Casas, M. and Federici, L. and Fedorets, G. and Fernique, P. and Filippi, F. and Findeisen, K. and Fonti, A. and Fraile, E. and Fraser, M. and Frézouls, B. and Gai, M. and Galleti, S. and Garabato, D. and García-Sedano, F. and Garofalo, A. and Garralda, N. and Gavel, A. and Gavras, P. and Gerssen, J. and Geyer, R. and Giacobbe, P. and Gilmore, G. and Girona, S. and Giuffrida, G. and Glass, F. and Gomes, M. and Granvik, M. and Gueguen, A. and Guerrier, A. and Guiraud, J. and Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R. and Haigron, R. and Hatzidimitriou, D. and Hauser, M. and Haywood, M. and Heiter, U. and Helmi, A. and Heu, J. and Hilger, T. and Hobbs, D. and Hofmann, W. and Holland, G. and Huckle, H.E. and Hypki, A. and Icardi, V. and Janßen, K. and De Fombelle, G.J. and Jonker, P.G. and Juhász, Á.L. and Julbe, F. and Karampelas, A. and Kewley, A. and Klar, J. and Kochoska, A. and Kohley, R. and Kolenberg, K. and Kontizas, M. and Kontizas, E. and Koposov, S.E. and Kordopatis, G. and Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z. and Koubsky, P. and Lambert, S. and Lanza, A.F. and Lasne, Y. and Lavigne, J.-B. and Le Fustec, Y. and Le Poncin-Lafitte, C. and Lebreton, Y. and Leccia, S. and Leclerc, N. and Lecoeur-Taibi, I. and Lenhardt, H. and Leroux, F. and Liao, S. and Licata, E. and Lindstrøm, H.E.P. and Lister, T.A. and Livanou, E. and Lobel, A. and López, M. and Managau, S. and Mann, R.G. and Mantelet, G. and Marchal, O. and Marchant, J.M. and Marconi, M. and Marinoni, S. and Marschalkó, G. and Marshall, D.J. and Martino, M. and Marton, G. and Mary, N. and Massari, D. and Matijević, G. and Mazeh, T. and McMillan, P.J. and Messina, S. and Michalik, D. and Millar, N.R. and Molina, D. and Molinaro, R. and Molnár, L. and Montegriffo, P. and Mor, R. and Morbidelli, R. and Morel, T. and Morris, D. and Mulone, A.F. and Muraveva, T. and Musella, I. and Nelemans, G. and Nicastro, L. and Noval, L. and O'Mullane, W. and Ordénovic, C. and Ordóñez-Blanco, D. and Osborne, P. and Pagani, C. and Pagano, I. and Pailler, F. and Palacin, H. and Palaversa, L. and Panahi, A. and Pawlak, M. and Piersimoni, A.M. and Pineau, F.-X. and Plachy, E. and Plum, G. and Poujoulet, E. and Prša, A. and Pulone, L. and Racero, E. and Ragaini, S. and Rambaux, N. and Ramos-Lerate, M. and Regibo, S. and Riclet, F. and Ripepi, V. and Riva, A. and Rivard, A. and Rixon, G. and Roegiers, T. and Roelens, M. and Rowell, N. and Royer, F. and Ruiz-Dern, L. and Sadowski, G. and Sagristà Sellés, T. and Sahlmann, J. and Salgado, J. and Salguero, E. and Sanna, N. and Santana-Ros, T. and Sarasso, M. and Savietto, H. and Schultheis, M. and Sciacca, E. and Segol, M. and Segovia, J.C. and Ségransan, D. and Shih, I.-C. and Siltala, L. and Silva, A.F. and Smart, R.L. and Smith, K.W. and Solano, E. and Solitro, F. and Sordo, R. and Soria Nieto, S. and Souchay, J. and Spagna, A. and Spoto, F. and Stampa, U. and Steele, I.A. and Steidelmüller, H. and Stephenson, C.A. and Stoev, H. and Suess, F.F. and Surdej, J. and Szabados, L. and Szegedi-Elek, E. and Tapiador, D. and Taris, F. and Tauran, G. and Taylor, M.B. and Teixeira, R. and Terrett, D. and Teyssandier, P. and Thuillot, W. and Titarenko, A. and Torra Clotet, F. and Turon, C. and Ulla, A. and Utrilla, E. and Uzzi, S. and Vaillant, M. and Valentini, G. and Valette, V. and Van Elteren, A. and Van Hemelryck, E. and Van Leeuwen, M. and Vaschetto, M. and Vecchiato, A. and Veljanoski, J. and Viala, Y. and Vicente, D. and Vogt, S. and Von Essen, C. and Voss, H. and Votruba, V. and Voutsinas, S. and Walmsley, G. and Weiler, M. and Wertz, O. and Wevers, T. and Wyrzykowski, Ł. and Yoldas, A. and Žerjal, M. and Ziaeepour, H. and Zorec, J. and Zschocke, S. and Zucker, S. and Zurbach, C. and Zwitter, T.",
    journal = "Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "616",
    publisher = "EDP Sciences",
    issn = "0275-1062",
    doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/201832865",
    keywords = "Arches;  Dispersions;  Galaxies;  Geometrical optics;  Giant stars;  Kinematics;  Phase space methods, Astronomical community;  Galaxy: disks;  Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics;  High-precision position;  Phase-space coordinates;  Solar neighborhood;  Velocity uncertainty;  Wealth of information, Velocity",
    abstract = "Context. The second Gaia data release (Gaia DR2) contains high-precision positions, parallaxes, and proper motions for 1.3 billion sources as well as line-of-sight velocities for 7.2 million stars brighter than GRVS = 12 mag. Both samples provide a full sky coverage. Aims. To illustrate the potential of Gaia DR2, we provide a first look at the kinematics of the Milky Way disc, within a radius of several kiloparsecs around the Sun. Methods. We benefit for the first time from a sample of 6.4 million F-G-K stars with full 6D phase-space coordinates, precise parallaxes (σω/ω/≤ 20%), and precise Galactic cylindrical velocities (median uncertainties of 0.9-1.4 km s-1 and 20% of the stars with uncertainties smaller than 1 km s-1 on all three components). From this sample, we extracted a sub-sample of 3.2 million giant stars to map the velocity field of the Galactic disc from ∼5 kpc to ∼13 kpc from the Galactic centre and up to 2 kpc above and below the plane. We also study the distribution of 0.3 million solar neighbourhood stars (r < 200 pc), with median velocity uncertainties of 0.4 km s-1, in velocity space and use the full sample to examine how the over-densities evolve in more distant regions. Results. Gaia DR2 allows us to draw 3D maps of the Galactocentric median velocities and velocity dispersions with unprecedented accuracy, precision, and spatial resolution. The maps show the complexity and richness of the velocity field of the galactic disc. We observe streaming motions in all the components of the velocities as well as patterns in the velocity dispersions. For example, we confirm the previously reported negative and positive galactocentric radial velocity gradients in the inner and outer disc, respectively. Here, we see them as part of a non-axisymmetric kinematic oscillation, and we map its azimuthal and vertical behaviour. We also witness a new global arrangement of stars in the velocity plane of the solar neighbourhood and in distant regions in which stars are organised in thin substructures with the shape of circular arches that are oriented approximately along the horizontal direction in the U - V plane. Moreover, in distant regions, we see variations in the velocity substructures more clearly than ever before, in particular, variations in the velocity of the Hercules stream. Conclusions. Gaia DR2 provides the largest existing full 6D phase-space coordinates catalogue. It also vastly increases the number of available distances and transverse velocities with respect to Gaia DR1. Gaia DR2 offers a great wealth of information on the Milky Way and reveals clear non-axisymmetric kinematic signatures within the Galactic disc, for instance. It is now up to the astronomical community to explore its full potential. © ESO 2018."
}