@article{3072447,
    title = "Enhanced production of multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions",
    author = "Adam, J. and Adamov, D. and Aggarwal, M.M. and Aglieri Rinella, G. and Agnello, M. and Agrawal, N. and Ahammed, Z. and Ahmad, S. and Ahn, S.U. and Aiola, S. and Akindinov, A. and Alam, S.N. and Albuquerque, D.S.D. and Aleksandrov, D. and Alessandro, B. and Alexandre, D. and Alfaro Molina, R. and Alici, A. and Alkin, A. and Alme, J. and Alt, T. and Altinpinar, S. and Altsybeev, I. and Prado, C.A.G. and An, M. and Andrei, C. and Andrews, H.A. and Andronic, A. and Anguelov, V. and Anticic, T. and Antinori, F. and Antonioli, P. and Aphecetche, L. and Appelshäuser, H. and Arcelli, S. and Arnaldi, R. and Arnold, O.W. and Arsene, I.C. and Arslandok, M. and Audurier, B. and Augustinus, A. and Averbeck, R. and Azmi, M.D. and Badalà, A. and Baek, Y.W. and Bagnasco, S. and Bailhache, R. and Bala, R. and Balasubramanian, S. and Baldisseri, A. and Baral, R.C. and Barbano, A.M. and Barbera, R. and Barile, F. and Barnafldi, G.G. and Barnby, L.S. and Barret, V. and Bartalini, P. and Barth, K. and Bartke, J. and Bartsch, E. and Basile, M. and Bastid, N. and Basu, S. and Bathen, B. and Batigne, G. and Camejo, A.B. and Batyunya, B. and Batzing, P.C. and Bearden, I.G. and Beck, H. and Bedda, C. and Behera, N.K. and Belikov, I. and Bellini, F. and Martinez, H.B. and Bellwied, R. and Belmont, R. and Belmont-Moreno, E. and Beltran, L.G.E. and Belyaev, V. and Bencedi, G. and Beole, S. and Berceanu, I. and Bercuci, A. and Berdnikov, Y. and Berenyi, D. and Bertens, R.A. and Berzano, D. and Betev, L. and Bhasin, A. and Bhat, I.R. and Bhati, A.K. and Bhattacharjee, B. and Bhom, J. and Bianchi, L. and Bianchi, N. and Bianchin, C. and Bielcík, J. and Bielcíková, J. and Bilandzic, A. and Biro, G. and Biswas, R. and Biswas, S. and Bjelogrlic, S. and Blair, J.T. and Blau, D. and Blume, C. and Bock, F. and Bogdanov, A. and Bøggild, H. and Boldizsár, L. and Bombara, M. and Bonora, M. and Book, J. and Borel, H. and Borissov, A. and Borri, M. and Bossú, F. and Botta, E. and Bourjau, C. and Braun-Munzinger, P. and Bregant, M. and Breitner, T. and Broker, T.A. and Browning, T.A. and Broz, M. and Brucken, E.J. and Bruna, E. and Bruno, G.E. and Budnikov, D. and Buesching, H. and Bufalino, S. and Buncic, P. and Busch, O. and Buthelezi, Z. and Butt, J.B. and Buxton, J.T. and Cabala, J. and Caarri, D. and Cai, X. and Caines, H. and Diaz, L.C. and Caliva, A. and Villar, E.C. and Camerini, P. and Carena, F. and Carena, W. and Carnesecchi, F. and Castellanos, J.C. and Castro, A.J. and Casula, E.A.R. and Sanchez, C.C. and Cepila, J. and Cerello, P. and Cerkala, J. and Chang, B. and Chapeland, S. and Chartier, M. and Charvet, J.L. and Chattopadhyay, S. and Chattopadhyay, S. and Chauvin, A. and Chelnokov, V. and Cherney, M. and Cheshkov, C. and Cheynis, B. and Barroso, V.C. and Chinellato, D.D. and Cho, S. and Chochula, P. and Choi, K. and Chojnacki, M. and Choudhury, S. and Christakoglou, P. and Christensen, C.H. and Christiansen, P. and Chujo, T. and Chung, S.U. and Cicalo, 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    journal = "Nature Physics",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "13",
    number = "6",
    pages = "535-539",
    publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
    issn = "1745-2473, 1745-2481",
    doi = "10.1038/nphys4111",
    keywords = "Heavy ions;  Lead alloys;  Quantum theory, Charged particle multiplicities;  High-energy collisions;  Nuclear collisions;  Proton proton collisions;  Quantum chromodynamics;  Quark-gluon plasma;  Strangeness enhancement;  Strangeness production, Hadrons",
    abstract = "At sufficiently high temperature and energy density, nuclear matter undergoes a transition to a phase in which quarks and gluons are not confined: the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Such an exotic state of strongly interacting quantum chromodynamics matter is produced in the laboratory in heavy nuclei high-energy collisions, where an enhanced production of strange hadrons is observed. Strangeness enhancement, originally proposed as a signature of QGP formation in nuclear collisions, is more pronounced for multi-strange baryons. Several effects typical of heavy-ion phenomenology have been observed in high-multiplicity proton-proton (pp) collisions, but the enhanced production of multi-strange particles has not been reported so far. Here we present the first observation of strangeness enhancement in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions. We find that the integrated yields of strange and multi-strange particles, relative to pions, increases significantly with the event charged-particle multiplicity. The measurements are in remarkable agreement with the p-Pb collision results, indicating that the phenomenon is related to the final system created in the collision. In high-multiplicity events strangeness production reaches values similar to those observed in Pb-Pb collisions, where a QGP is formed. © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved."
}