@article{3076781,
    title = "Nocebo phenomena may be enhanced in aging: Implications for clinical practice",
    author = "Kravvariti, E. and Kotsani, M. and Mitsikostas, D.D. and Sfikakis, P.P.",
    journal = "Maturitas",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "143",
    pages = "10-16",
    publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
    issn = "0378-5122",
    doi = "10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.07.011",
    keywords = "generic drug, adverse event;  aged;  aging;  Alzheimer disease;  anxiety;  Article;  caregiver;  chronic pain;  clinical practice;  cognitive defect;  degenerative disease;  depression;  doctor patient relationship;  drug use;  frailty;  geriatric patient;  human;  medical care;  multiple chronic conditions;  nocebo effect;  Parkinson disease;  risk factor;  social psychology;  stereotypy;  aging;  psychology, Aging;  Humans;  Nocebo Effect;  Risk Factors",
    abstract = "Nocebo effects, denoting unfavourable outcomes after a medical intervention because of negative expectations rather than a direct pharmacologic action, are an important cause of dropout from clinical trials and non-adherence to medication, and may be especially pertinent for older adults. Several characteristics of aging individuals and their medical care have a potential to augment nocebo susceptibility, such as depression and anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases and chronic pain states, adverse healthcare experiences, generic drug use, age-related stereotypes, and strained patient-physician communication. Nocebo-related research in older adults is hindered by under-representation in clinical trials, medical complexity of geriatric patients, and lack of validated tools to accurately assess susceptibility and efficacy of preventive efforts. © 2020 Elsevier B.V."
}