@article{3077353,
    title = "Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study",
    author = "Fitzmaurice, C. and Abate, D. and Abbasi, N. and Abbastabar, H. and Abd-Allah, F. and Abdel-Rahman, O. and Abdelalim, A. and Abdoli, A. and Abdollahpour, I. and Abdulle, A.S.M. and Abebe, N.D. and Abraha, H.N. and Abu-Raddad, L.J. and Abualhasan, A. and Adedeji, I.A. and Advani, S.M. and Afarideh, M. and Afshari, M. and Aghaali, M. and Agius, D. and Agrawal, S. and Ahmadi, A. and Ahmadian, E. and Ahmadpour, E. and Ahmed, M.B. and Akbari, M.E. and Akinyemiju, T. and Al-Aly, Z. and Alabdulkader, A.M. and Alahdab, F. and Alam, T. and Alamene, G.M. and Alemnew, B.T.T. and Alene, K.A. and Alinia, C. and Alipour, V. and Aljunid, S.M. and Bakeshei, F.A. and Almadi, M.A.H. and Almasi-Hashiani, A. and Alsharif, U. and Alsowaidi, S. and Alvis-Guzman, N. and Amini, E. and Amini, S. and Amoako, Y.A. and Anbari, Z. and Anber, N.H. and Andrei, C.L. and Anjomshoa, M. and Ansari, F. and Ansariadi, A. and Appiah, S.C.Y. and Arab-Zozani, M. and Arabloo, J. and Arefi, Z. and Aremu, O. and Areri, H.A. and Artaman, A. and Asayesh, H. and Asfaw, E.T. and Ashagre, A.F. and Assadi, R. and Ataeinia, B. and Atalay, H.T. and Ataro, Z. and Atique, S. and Ausloos, M. and Avila-Burgos, L. and Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. and Awasthi, A. and Awoke, N. and Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. and Ayanore, M.A. and Ayele, H.T. and Babaee, E. and Bacha, U. and Badawi, A. and Bagherzadeh, M. and Bagli, E. and Balakrishnan, S. and Balouchi, A. and Barnighausen, T.W. and Battista, R.J. and Behzadifar, M. and Behzadifar, M. and Bekele, B.B. and Belay, Y.B. and Belayneh, Y.M. and Berfield, K.K.S. and Berhane, A. and Bernabe, E. and Beuran, M. and Bhakta, N. and Bhattacharyya, K. and Biadgo, B. and Bijani, A. and Bin Sayeed, M.S. and Birungi, C. and Bisignano, C. and Bitew, H. and Bjorge, T. and Bleyer, A. and Bogale, K.A. and Bojia, H.A. and Borzi, A.M. and Bosetti, C. and Bou-Orm, I.R. and Brenner, H. and Brewer, J.D. and Briko, A.N. and Briko, N.I. and Bustamante-Teixeira, M.T. and Butt, Z.A. and Carreras, G. and Carrero, J.J. and Carvalho, F. and Castro, C. and Castro, F. and Catala-Lopez, F. and Cerin, E. and Chaiah, Y. and Chanie, W.F. and Chattu, V.K. and Chaturvedi, P. and Chauhan, N.S. and Chehrazi, M. and Chiang, P.P.-C. and Chichiabellu, T.Y. and Chido-Amajuoyi, O.G. and Chimed-Ochir, O. and Choi, J.-Y.J. and Christopher, D.J. and Chu, D.-T. and Constantin, M.-M. and Costa, V.M. and Crocetti, E. and Crowe, C.S. and Curado, M.P. and Dahlawi, S.M.A. and Damiani, G. and Darwish, A.H. and Daryani, A. and Das Neves, J. and Demeke, F.M. and Demis, A.B. and Demissie, B.W. and Demoz, G.T. and Denova-Gutierrez, E. and Derakhshani, A. and Deribe, K.S. and Desai, R. and Desalegn, B.B. and Desta, M. and Dey, S. and Dharmaratne, S.D. and Dhimal, M. and Diaz, D. and Dinberu, M.T.T. and Djalalinia, S. and Doku, D.T. and Drake, T.M. and Dubey, M. and Dubljanin, E. and Duken, E.E. and Ebrahimi, H. and Effiong, A. and Eftekhari, A. and El Sayed, I. and Zaki, M.E.S. and El-Jaafary, S.I. and El-Khatib, Z. and Elemineh, D.A. and Elkout, H. and Ellenbogen, R.G. and Elsharkawy, A. and Emamian, M.H. and Endalew, D.A. and Endries, A.Y. and Eshrati, B. and Fadhil, I. and Fallah, V. and Faramarzi, M. and Farhangi, M.A. and Farioli, A. and Farzadfar, F. and Fentahun, N. and Fernandes, E. and Feyissa, G.T. and Filip, I. and Fischer, F. and Fisher, J.L. and Force, L.M. and Foroutan, M. and Freitas, M. and Fukumoto, T. and Futran, N.D. and Gallus, S. and Gankpe, F.G. and Gayesa, R.T. and Gebrehiwot, T.T. and Gebremeskel, G.G. and Gedefaw, G.A. and Gelaw, B.K. and Geta, B. and Getachew, S. and Gezae, K.E. and Ghafourifard, M. and Ghajar, A. and Ghashghaee, A. and Gholamian, A. and Gill, P.S. and Ginindza, T.T.G. and Girmay, A. and Gizaw, M. and Gomez, R.S. and Gopalani, S.V. and Gorini, G. and Goulart, B.N.G. and Grada, A. and Ribeiro Guerra, M. and Guimaraes, A.L.S. and Gupta, P.C. and Gupta, R. and Hadkhale, K. and Haj-Mirzaian, A. and Haj-Mirzaian, A. and Hamadeh, R.R. and Hamidi, S. and Hanfore, L.K. and Haro, J.M. and Hasankhani, M. and Hasanzadeh, A. and Hassen, H.Y. and Hay, R.J. and Hay, S.I. and Henok, A. and Henry, N.J. and Herteliu, C. and Hidru, H.D. and Hoang, C.L. and Hole, M.K. and Hoogar, P. and Horita, N. and Hosgood, H.D. and Hosseini, M. and Hosseinzadeh, M. and Hostiuc, M. and Hostiuc, S. and Househ, M. and Hussen, M.M. and Ileanu, B. and Ilic, M.D. and Innos, K. and Irvani, S.S.N. and Iseh, K.R. and Islam, S.M.S. and Islami, F. and Jafari Balalami, N. and Jafarinia, M. and Jahangiry, L. and Jahani, M.A. and Jahanmehr, N. and Jakovljevic, M. and James, S.L. and Javanbakht, M. and Jayaraman, S. and Jee, S.H. and Jenabi, E. and Jha, R.P. and Jonas, J.B. and Jonnagaddala, J. and Joo, T. and Jungari, S.B. and Jurisson, M. and Kabir, A. and Kamangar, F. and Karch, A. and Karimi, N. and Karimian, A. and Kasaeian, A. and Kasahun, G.G. and Kassa, B. and Kassa, T.D. and Kassaw, M.W. and Kaul, A. and Keiyoro, P.N. and Kelbore, A.G. and Kerbo, A.A. and Khader, Y.S. and Khalilarjmandi, M. and Khan, E.A. and Khan, G. and Khang, Y.-H. and Khatab, K. and Khater, A. and Khayamzadeh, M. and Khazaee-Pool, M. and Khazaei, S. and Khoja, A.T. and Khosravi, M.H. and Khubchandani, J. and Kianipour, N. and Kim, D. and Kim, Y.J. and Kisa, A. and Kisa, S. and Kissimova-Skarbek, K. and Komaki, H. and Koyanagi, A. and Krohn, K.J. and Bicer, B.K. and Kugbey, N. and Kumar, V. and Kuupiel, D. and La Vecchia, C. and Lad, D.P. and Lake, E.A. and Lakew, A.M. and Lal, D.K. and Lami, F.H. and Lan, Q. and Lasrado, S. and Lauriola, P. and Lazarus, J.V. and Leigh, J. and Leshargie, C.T. and Liao, Y. and Limenih, M.A. and Listl, S. and Lopez, A.D. and Lopukhov, P.D. and Lunevicius, R. and Madadin, M. and Magdeldin, S. and El Razek, H.M.A. and Majeed, A. and Maleki, A. and Malekzadeh, R. and Manafi, A. and Manafi, N. and Manamo, W.A. and Mansourian, M. and Mansournia, M.A. and Mantovani, L.G. and Maroufizadeh, S. and Martini, S.M.S. and Mashamba-Thompson, T.P. and Massenburg, B.B. and Maswabi, M.T. and Mathur, M.R. and McAlinden, C. and McKee, M. and Meheretu, H.A.A. and Mehrotra, R. and Mehta, V. and Meier, T. and Melaku, Y.A. and Meles, G.G. and Meles, H.G. and Melese, A. and Melku, M. and Memiah, P.T.N. and Mendoza, W. and Menezes, R.G. and Merat, S. and Meretoja, T.J. and Mestrovic, T. and Miazgowski, B. and Miazgowski, T. and Mihretie, K.M.M. and Miller, T.R. and Mills, E.J. and Mir, S.M. and Mirzaei, H. and Mirzaei, H.R. and Mishra, R. and Moazen, B. and Mohammad, D.K. and Mohammad, K.A. and Mohammad, Y. and Darwesh, A.M. and Mohammadbeigi, A. and Mohammadi, H. and Mohammadi, M. and Mohammadian, M. and Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. and Mohammadoo-Khorasani, M. and Mohammadpourhodki, R. and Mohammed, A.S. and Mohammed, J.A. and Mohammed, S. and Mohebi, F. and Mokdad, A.H. and Monasta, L. and Moodley, Y. and Moosazadeh, M. and Moossavi, M. and Moradi, G. and Moradi-Joo, M. and Moradi-Lakeh, M. and Moradpour, F. and Morawska, L. and 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Sepanlou, S.G. and Sepehrimanesh, M. and Seyedmousavi, S. and Shaahmadi, F. and Shabaninejad, H. and Shahbaz, M. and Shaikh, M.A. and Shamshirian, A. and Shamsizadeh, M. and Sharafi, H. and Sharafi, Z. and Sharif, M. and Sharifi, A. and Sharifi, H. and Sharma, R. and Sheikh, A. and Shirkoohi, R. and Shukla, S.R. and Si, S. and Siabani, S. and Silva, D.A.S. and Silveira, D.G.A. and Singh, A. and Singh, J.A. and Sisay, S. and Sitas, F. and Sobngwi, E. and Soofi, M. and Soriano, J.B. and Stathopoulou, V. and Sufiyan, M.B. and Tabares-Seisdedos, R. and Tabuchi, T. and Takahashi, K. and Tamtaji, O.R. and Tarawneh, M.R. and Tassew, S.G. and Taymoori, P. and Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. and Temsah, M.-H. and Temsah, O. and Tesfay, B.E. and Tesfay, F.H. and Teshale, M.Y. and Tessema, G.A. and Thapa, S. and Tlaye, K.G. and Topor-Madry, R. and Tovani-Palone, M.R. and Traini, E. and Tran, B.X. and Tran, K.B. and Tsadik, A.G. and Ullah, I. and Uthman, O.A. and Vacante, M. and Vaezi, M. and Varona Perez, P. and Veisani, Y. and Vidale, S. and Violante, F.S. and Vlassov, V. and Vollset, S.E. and Vos, T. and Vosoughi, K. and Vu, G.T. and Vujcic, I.S. and Wabinga, H. and Wachamo, T.M. and Wagnew, F.S. and Waheed, Y. and Weldegebreal, F. and Weldesamuel, G.T. and Wijeratne, T. and Wondafrash, D.Z. and Wonde, T.E. and Wondmieneh, A.B. and Workie, H.M. and Yadav, R. and Yadegar, A. and Yadollahpour, A. and Yaseri, M. and Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. and Yeshaneh, A. and Yimam, M.A. and Yimer, E.M. and Yisma, E. and Yonemoto, N. and Younis, M.Z. and Yousefi, B. and Yousefifard, M. and Yu, C. and Zabeh, E. and Zadnik, V. and Moghadam, T.Z. and Zaidi, Z. and Zamani, M. and Zandian, H. and Zangeneh, A. and Zaki, L. and Zendehdel, K. and Zenebe, Z.M. and Zewale, T.A. and Ziapour, A. and Zodpey, S. and Murray, C.J.L. and Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration",
    journal = "JAMA Oncology",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "5",
    number = "12",
    pages = "1749-1768",
    publisher = "American Medical Association",
    issn = "2374-2437, 2374-2445",
    doi = "10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996",
    keywords = "age distribution;  Article;  bladder cancer;  breast cancer;  bronchus cancer;  cancer incidence;  cancer mortality;  cancer risk;  cause of death;  colorectal cancer;  disability-adjusted life year;  disease burden;  educational status;  fertility;  geographic distribution;  global disease burden;  human;  income;  liver cancer;  lung cancer;  non melanoma skin cancer;  nonhodgkin lymphoma;  prostate cancer;  risk factor;  sex difference;  stomach cancer;  systematic review;  trachea cancer;  uterine cervix cancer;  years lived with disability;  years of life lost;  disabled person;  global disease burden;  global health;  incidence;  neoplasm;  quality adjusted life year, Disabled Persons;  Global Burden of Disease;  Global Health;  Humans;  Incidence;  Neoplasms;  Quality-Adjusted Life Years",
    abstract = "Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved."
}