@article{3078448,
    title = "Drug-induced endocrinopathies and diabetes: A combo-endocrinology overview",
    author = "Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. and Duntas, L. and Kanakis, G.A. and Kandaraki, E. and Karavitaki, N. and Kassi, E. and Livadas, S. and Mastorakos, G. and Migdalis, I. and Miras, A.D. and Nader, S. and Papalou, O. and Poladian, R. and Popovic, V. and Rachoń, D. and Tigas, S. and Tsigos, C. and Tsilchorozidou, T. and Tzotzas, T. and Bargiota, A. and Pfeifer, M. and on behalf of COMBO ENDO TEAM: 2018",
    journal = "European Journal of Endocrinology",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "181",
    number = "2",
    pages = "R73-R105",
    publisher = "BioScientifica Ltd",
    issn = "0804-4643, 1479-683X",
    doi = "10.1530/EJE-19-0154",
    keywords = "adrenergic receptor blocking agent;  amiodarone;  anabolic agent;  antiandrogen;  anticonvulsive agent;  antidiabetic agent;  antineoplastic agent;  antiretrovirus agent;  aromatase inhibitor;  calcium;  corticosteroid;  drug;  estrogen;  gestagen;  glucocorticoid;  gonadorelin;  neuroleptic agent;  opiate;  protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor;  psychotropic agent;  steroid;  steroid hormone;  vitamin D, adrenal disease;  adrenal suppression;  amenorrhea;  androgen deprivation therapy;  antiretroviral therapy;  autoimmune hypophysitis;  bone metabolism;  breast cancer;  calcium metabolism;  cancer immunotherapy;  clinician;  Cushing syndrome;  diabetes mellitus;  differential diagnosis;  drug induced disease;  dyslipidemia;  endocrine disease;  gonad dysfunction;  human;  hyperandrogenism;  hyperglycemia;  hyperprolactinemia;  hypocalcemia;  hypophysis gonad system;  hypopituitarism;  hypothalamus hypophysis system;  inappropriate vasopressin secretion;  male infertility;  nonhuman;  obesity;  osteolysis;  osteoporosis;  ovary polycystic disease;  priority journal;  prostate cancer;  Review;  semen abnormality;  thyroid disease;  vitamin D metabolism;  animal;  chemically induced;  diabetes mellitus;  drug effect;  endocrine disease;  endocrine system;  endocrinology;  metabolism;  pathology;  procedures, Animals;  Diabetes Mellitus;  Endocrine System;  Endocrine System Diseases;  Endocrinology;  Humans",
    abstract = "In the currently overwhelming era of polypharmacy, the balance of the dynamic and delicate endocrine system can easily be disturbed by interfering pharmaceutical agents like medications. Drugs can cause endocrine abnormalities via different mechanisms, including direct alteration of hormone production, changes in the regulation of the feedback axis, on hormonal transport, binding and signaling, as well as similar changes to counter-regulatory hormone systems. Furthermore, drugs can interfere with the hormonal assays, leading to erroneous laboratory results that disorientate clinicians from the right diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to cover a contemporary topic, the drug-induced endocrinopathies, which was presented in the monothematic annual Combo Endo Course 2018. This challenging part of endocrinology is constantly expanding particularly during the last decade, with the new oncological therapeutic agents, targeting novel molecular pathways in the process of malignancies. In this new context of drug-induced endocrine disease, clinicians should be aware that drugs can cause endocrine abnormalities via different mechanisms and mimic a variety of clinical scenarios. Therefore, it is extremely important for clinicians not only to promptly recognize drug-induced hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, but also to address the therapeutic issues for timely intervention. © 2019 European Society of Endocrinology."
}