@article{3078928,
    title = "Menstrual disorders and androgen-related traits in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A clinical study",
    author = "Paschou, S.A. and Vryonidou, A. and Melissourgou, M. and Kosteria, I. and Goulis, D.G. and Chrousos, G.P. and Kanaka-Gantenbein, C.",
    journal = "Endocrine Practice",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "26",
    number = "11",
    pages = "1269-1276",
    publisher = "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists",
    issn = "1530-891X",
    doi = "10.4158/EP-2020-0153",
    keywords = "adiponectin;  androgen;  androstenedione;  follitropin;  globulin;  glutamate decarboxylase;  glycosylated hemoglobin;  hemoglobin A1c;  hormone binding protein;  insulin;  leptin;  levothyroxine;  luteinizing hormone;  prasterone sulfate;  prolactin;  sex hormone;  sex hormone binding globulin;  sulfuric acid;  testosterone;  thyroid peroxidase antibody;  thyrotropin;  zinc transporter;  androgen;  sex hormone binding globulin;  testosterone, acne;  acne vulgaris;  adolescent;  adult;  albuminuria;  Article;  autoimmune disease;  autoimmune thyroiditis;  bioavailability;  celiac disease;  clinical article;  controlled study;  cross-sectional study;  diabetic retinopathy;  disease duration;  eating disorder;  female;  food frequency questionnaire;  gestational age;  glucose blood level;  glycemic control;  high performance liquid chromatography;  hirsutism;  homeostasis model assessment;  human;  hyperandrogenism;  hyperglycemia;  hypoglycemia;  hypogonadism;  hypophysis adenoma;  hypothyroidism;  immunoradiometric assay;  insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  insulin release;  ketoacidosis;  major clinical study;  menarche;  menstrual cycle;  menstruation disorder;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  obesity;  oligomenorrhea;  oral glucose tolerance test;  ovary function;  ovary polycystic disease;  prevalence;  primary amenorrhea;  prospective study;  waist circumference;  insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  ovary polycystic disease;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Androgens;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1;  Female;  Humans;  Polycystic Ovary Syndrome;  Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin;  Testosterone;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Objective: To investigate possible causes of menstrual disorders and androgen-related traits in young women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods: Fifty-three women with T1DM (duration 8.0 ± 5.6 years), 41 women with (polycystic ovary syndrome) PCOS, and 51 controls matched for age (19.4 ± 4.3 years vs. 21.2 ± 2.7 years vs. 20.8 ± 3.1 years; P>.05) and body mass index (BMI) (22.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2 vs. 21.9 ± 2.0 kg/m2 vs. 21.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2; P>.05) were prospectively recruited. Results: Two women (3.8%) in the T1DM group had not experienced menarche (at 15.5 and 16.6 years); of the rest, 23.5% had oligomenorrhea, 32.1% hirsutism, and 45.3% had acne. The age at menarche was delayed in the T1DM group compared to controls (12.7 ± 1.3 vs. 12.0 ± 1.0 years; P = .004), while no difference was observed with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) group (12.4 ± 1.2 years). There were no differences in total testosterone (0.43 ± 0.14 ng/mL vs. 0.39 ± 0.14 ng/mL; P>.05), dehydroepiAândrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (269 ± 112 μg/dL vs. 238 ± 106 μg/dL; P>.05) or Δ4-androstenedione (2.4 ± 1.3 ng/mL vs. 1.9 ± 0.5 ng/mL; P>.05) concentrations between T1DM and controls. However, patients with T1DM had lower sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations than controls (61 ± 17 nmol/L vs. 83 ± 18.1 nmol/L; P = .001), which were even lower in the PCOS group (39.5 ± 12.9 nmol/L; P = .001 compared with T1DM). The free androÂgen index (FAI) was higher in the PCOS group compared with both other groups (T1DM vs. PCOS vs. controls: 2.53 ± 0.54 vs. 7.88 ± 1.21 vs. 1.6 ± 0.68; P<.001). FAI was higher in patients with T1DM compared to controls as well (P = .038). There was no difference in DHEA-S concentraÂtions between T1DM and PCOS patients (269 ± 112 μg/dL vs. 297 ± 100 μg/dL; P>.05). Conclusion: Menstrual disorders and androgen-relatAêd traits in young women with T1DM may be attributed to an increase in androgen bioavailability due to decreased SHBG concentrations. © Copyright © 2020 AACE."
}