@article{3079249,
    title = "Metabolic abnormalities in offspring of NIDDM patients with a family history of diabetes mellitus",
    author = "Migdalis, I.N. and Zachariadis, D. and Kalogeropoulou, K. and Nounopoulos, C. and Bouloukos, A. and Samartzis, M.",
    journal = "Diabetic Medicine",
    year = "1996",
    volume = "13",
    number = "5",
    pages = "434-440",
    issn = "0742-3071, 1464-5491",
    doi = "10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199605)13:5<434::AID-DIA102>3.0.CO;2-R",
    keywords = "c peptide;  glucose;  insulin;  insulin receptor;  lipid, adolescent;  adult;  article;  controlled study;  family history;  female;  human;  hyperinsulinemia;  major clinical study;  male;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  pathogenesis, Adolescent;  Adult;  Analysis of Variance;  Blood Glucose;  Blood Pressure;  C-Peptide;  Cholesterol;  Cholesterol, HDL;  Confidence Intervals;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  Erythrocytes;  Fasting;  Female;  Glucose Tolerance Test;  Humans;  Insulin;  Lipids;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Nuclear Family;  Receptor, Insulin;  Reference Values;  Triglycerides",
    abstract = "NIDDM appears to be an inherited condition. Our aim was to identify early metabolic abnormalities in non-diabetic offspring with one NIDDM parent and with a strongly positive (n = 58, age 27.8 ± 7.0 years) or a negative family history (n = 38, age 27.4 ± 6.7 years) of diabetes. These were compared with 31 offspring of non-diabetic parents (age 26.9 ± 5.5 years). After an overnight fast, blood was taken for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin receptors, and lipids. All the subjects underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. The positive family history group had significantly higher fasting levels of triglycerides (1.09 ± 0.24 vs control subjects: CS: 0.93 ± 0.16 mmol l-1, p &lt; 0.001), insulin (102.8 ± 46.4 vs CS: 77.5 ± 32.4 pmol l-1, p &lt; 0.01) and C-peptide (0.69 ± 0.22 vs CS: 0.61 ± 0.19 nmol l-1, p &lt; 0.05) and lower numbers of insulin receptors per red cell (9.1 x 103 (4.5-18.1, 95% confidence intervals) vs CS: (11.2 x 103 (6.3-19.9)), P &lt; 0.01, despite similar blood glucose levels. After a glucose challenge (120 min), the increases in both insulin and C-peptide concentrations were significantly greater in the positive family history group (289.2 ± 214.1 pmol l-1, 2.23 ± 1.48 nmol l-1), respectively, than in CS (192.4 ± 170.3 pmol l-1, p &lt; 0.05) (1.54 ± 0.99 nmol l-1 p &lt; 0.0.1), respectively. No significant differences were found in fasting and post-challenge glucose levels. The negative family history group had significantly lower numbers of insulin receptors 9.4 x 103 (4.1-15.2) compared with CS (p &lt; 0.05). Insulin sensitivity was significantly reduced in the positive family history group (41.6%) compared with control subjects (51.9%), p &lt; 0.01. The results strongly support the familial basis of the disease."
}