@article{3085595,
    title = "Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis: A guide to optimal management",
    author = "Paschou, S.A. and Dede, A.D. and Anagnostis, P.G. and Vryonidou, A. and Morganstein, D. and Goulis, D.G.",
    journal = "JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "102",
    number = "10",
    pages = "3621-3634",
    publisher = "Oxford University Press",
    issn = "0021-972X",
    doi = "10.1210/jc.2017-00042",
    keywords = "alendronic acid;  antidiabetic agent;  bazedoxifene;  bisphosphonic acid derivative;  canagliflozin;  dapagliflozin;  denosumab;  dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor;  empagliflozin;  exendin 4;  glitazone derivative;  glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonist;  insulin;  liraglutide;  metformin;  parathyroid hormone[1-34];  pioglitazone;  placebo;  raloxifene;  rosiglitazone;  saxagliptin;  selective estrogen receptor modulator;  sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor;  strontium ranelate;  sulfonylurea derivative;  zoledronic acid, bariatric surgery;  bone metabolism;  diabetes control;  diet;  drug effect;  drug efficacy;  drug mechanism;  drug preference;  exercise;  falling;  fracture;  fragility fracture;  glycemic control;  human;  hypoglycemia;  incidence;  low calory diet;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  nonhuman;  obesity;  osteoporosis;  practice guideline;  prevalence;  priority journal;  Review;  spine fracture;  systematic review;  bone;  complication;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  drug effects;  metabolism;  osteoporosis;  Osteoporotic Fractures;  practice guideline;  risk factor;  standards, Bone and Bones;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  Humans;  Hypoglycemic Agents;  Osteoporosis;  Osteoporotic Fractures;  Practice Guidelines as Topic;  Risk Factors",
    abstract = "Context: Both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteoporosis are affected by aging and quite often coexist. Furthermore, the fracture risk in patients with T2D is increased. The aim of this article is to review updated information on osteoporosis and fracture risk in patients with T2D, to discuss the effects of diabetes treatment on bone metabolism, as well as the effect of antiosteoporotic medications on the incidence and control of T2D, and to provide a personalized guide to the optimal management. Evidence Acquisition: A systematic literature search for human studies was conducted in three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE) until March 2017. Regarding recommendations, we adopted the grading system introduced by the American College of Physicians. Evidence Synthesis: The results are presented in systematic tables. Healthy diet and physical exercise are very important for the prevention and treatment of both entities. Metformin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists should be preferred for the treatment of T2D in these patients, whereas strict targets should be avoided for the fear of hypoglycemia, falls, and fractures. Insulin should be used with caution and with careful measures to avoid hypoglycemia. Thiazolidinediones and canagliflozin should be avoided, whereas other sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 inhibitors are less well-validated options. Insulin therapy is the preferred method for achieving glycemic control in hospitalized patients with T2D and fractures. The treatment and monitoring of osteoporosis should be continued without important amendments because of the presence of T2D. Conclusions: Patients with coexisting T2D and osteoporosis should be managed in an optimal way according to scientific evidence. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102: 3621–3634, 2017) Copyright © 2017 Endocrine Society."
}