@article{3085945, title = "Origin and pathophysiology of protein carbonylation, nitration and chlorination in age-related brain diseases and aging", author = "Gonos, E.S. and Kapetanou, M. and Sereikaite, J. and Bartosz, G. and Naparlo, K. and Grzesik, M. and Sadowska-Bartosz, I.", journal = "Aging (Albany NY)", year = "2018", volume = "10", number = "5", pages = "868-901", publisher = "Impact Journals, LLC", doi = "10.18632/aging.101450", keywords = "aging; animal; brain disease; halogenation; human; metabolism; oxidative stress; pathophysiology; physiology; protein carbonylation; protein processing, Aging; Animals; Brain Diseases; Halogenation; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Protein Carbonylation; Protein Processing, Post-Translational", abstract = "Non-enzymatic protein modifications occur inevitably in all living systems. Products of such modifications accumulate during aging of cells and organisms and may contribute to their age-related functional deterioration. This review presents the formation of irreversible protein modifications such as carbonylation, nitration and chlorination, modifications by 4-hydroxynonenal, removal of modified proteins and accumulation of these protein modifications during aging of humans and model organisms, and their enhanced accumulation in age-related brain diseases. © 2018, Gonos et al." }