@article{3086050,
    title = "Gastric Carcinoids",
    author = "Grozinsky-Glasberg, S. and Alexandraki, K.I. and Angelousi, A. and Chatzellis, E. and Sougioultzis, S. and Kaltsas, G.",
    journal = "Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "47",
    number = "3",
    pages = "645-660",
    publisher = "W.B. Saunders",
    issn = "0889-8529",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecl.2018.04.013",
    keywords = "alpha interferon;  peptide;  proton pump inhibitor;  somatostatin derivative;  temozolomide, autoimmune disease;  biochemistry;  cancer grading;  cancer prognosis;  cancer staging;  clinical feature;  computer assisted tomography;  disease association;  endocrine disease;  endoscopic mucosal resection;  endoscopic submucosal dissection;  endoscopic ultrasonography;  follow up;  gastrectomy;  gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor;  gastroscopy;  genetics;  histopathology;  human;  hypergastrinemia;  hypothyroidism;  incidence;  nonhuman;  nuclear magnetic resonance imaging;  pathogenesis;  positron emission tomography-computed tomography;  priority journal;  Review;  stomach carcinoid;  stomach carcinoma;  adenocarcinoma;  carcinoid;  gastrointestinal tumor;  neuroendocrine tumor;  pathology;  stomach tumor;  tumor recurrence, Adenocarcinoma;  Carcinoid Tumor;  Gastrointestinal Neoplasms;  Humans;  Neoplasm Recurrence, Local;  Neuroendocrine Tumors;  Stomach Neoplasms",
    abstract = "Gastric carcinoids, formally named gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), are derived from enterochromaffin-like cells of the stomach and are increasingly diagnosed. A majority are designated as type I (related to autoimmune gastritis) and type II (related to gastrinoma) neoplasms that develop secondary to gastrin hypersecretion. Types I and II gastric carcinoids are mostly small-sized (1–2 cm), multiple, low-malignancy potential lesions mainly confined to the gastric mucosa/submucosa. These lesions have an indolent course and low metastatic potential. In contrast, type III gastric carcinoids are single, larger-sized (>2 cm), non–gastrin-related lesions that infiltrate the muscular layers associated with local and distant metastases. © 2018 Elsevier Inc."
}