@article{3086234,
    title = "The emerging role of estrogen in B cell malignancies",
    author = "Ladikou, E.-E. and Kassi, E.",
    journal = "Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "58",
    number = "3",
    pages = "528-539",
    publisher = "Taylor and Francis Ltd.",
    doi = "10.1080/10428194.2016.1213828",
    keywords = "estrogen;  estrogen receptor;  estrogen receptor alpha;  estrogen receptor beta;  estrogen;  estrogen receptor, apoptosis;  B cell lymphoma;  B lymphocyte;  blood;  cell interaction;  cell survival;  chronic lymphatic leukemia;  disease course;  epigenetic repression;  estrogen activity;  estrogen binding;  gene expression;  human;  membrane;  mitochondrion;  pathogenesis;  peripheral blood mononuclear cell;  priority journal;  Review;  risk factor;  signal transduction;  T lymphocyte;  animal;  B cell leukemia;  B cell lymphoma;  cell transformation;  gene expression regulation;  genetic epigenesis;  genetics;  metabolism;  mortality;  pathology;  prognosis, Animals;  Cell Transformation, Neoplastic;  Epigenesis, Genetic;  Estrogens;  Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic;  Humans;  Leukemia, B-Cell;  Lymphoma, B-Cell;  Mitochondria;  Prognosis;  Receptors, Estrogen;  Signal Transduction",
    abstract = "Increasing evidence implicates a role of estrogens in hematological malignancies. We reviewed current knowledge on the emerging role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in normal B-cell function, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and B-cell lymphoma. Data support that (1) normal human peripheral blood cells (mononuclear cells, total lymphocytes, T as well as B lymphocytes, and NK cells) express both estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα and ERβ), (2) B-cell malignancies express mainly ERβ while selective ERβ agonists inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis, (3) estrogens regulate, via an ER-mediated pathway, gene expression of cyclins, kinases, bcl-2 proto-oncogene, activation-induced deaminase (AID), and transcription factors, associated with changes in BCR signaling and B cell tumorigenesis. In conclusion, estrogen receptors play an important role in normal B-cell function and B-cell tumorigenesis; however, further investigations are required to delineate the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in the etiopathogenesis and therapy of B-cell malignancies. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
}