@article{3086404,
    title = "Current evidence on vitamin D deficiency and kidney transplant: What’s new?",
    author = "Sarno, G. and Nappi, R. and Altieri, B. and Tirabassi, G. and Muscogiuri, E. and Salvio, G. and Paschou, S.A. and Ferrara, A. and Russo, E. and Vicedomini, D. and Vincenzo, C. and Vryonidou, A. and Della Casa, S. and Balercia, G. and Orio, F. and De Rosa, P.",
    journal = "Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "18",
    number = "3",
    pages = "323-334",
    publisher = "Springer New York LLC",
    doi = "10.1007/s11154-017-9418-z",
    keywords = "25 hydroxyvitamin D;  alfacalcidiol;  calcitriol;  colecalciferol;  unclassified drug;  vitamin D;  25-hydroxyvitamin D;  calcitriol;  vitamin D, acute graft rejection;  bone density;  bone disease;  bone metabolism;  cancer risk;  cardiovascular disease;  chronic allograft nephropathy;  drug effect;  drug efficacy;  endothelium;  graft survival;  high risk patient;  human;  kidney function;  kidney transplantation;  malignant neoplasm;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  Review;  risk reduction;  vitamin D deficiency;  vitamin supplementation;  analogs and derivatives;  blood;  chronic kidney failure;  dietary supplement;  kidney;  kidney transplantation;  metabolism;  vitamin D deficiency, Calcitriol;  Dietary Supplements;  Humans;  Kidney;  Kidney Failure, Chronic;  Kidney Transplantation;  Vitamin D;  Vitamin D Deficiency",
    abstract = "Kidney transplant is the treatment of choice for end-stage chronic kidney disease. Kidneys generate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) for circulation in the blood to regulate calcium levels. Transplant patients with low calcidiol levels have an increased risk of metabolic and endocrine problems, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, poor graft survival, bone disorders, cancer, and mortality rate. The recommended calcidiol level after transplant is at least 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L), which could require 1000–3000 IU/d vitamin D3 to achieve. Vitamin D3 supplementation studies have found improved endothelial function and acute rejection episodes. However, since kidney function may still be impaired, raising calcidiol levels may not lead to normal calcitriol levels. Thus, supplementation with calcitriol or an analog, alfacalcidiol, is often employed. Some beneficial effects found include possible improved bone health and reduced risk of chronic allograft nephropathy and cancer. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York."
}