@article{3088021,
    title = "Cross talk between lipid metabolism and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetic retinopathy",
    author = "Crosby-Nwaobi, R. and Chatziralli, I. and Sergentanis, T. and Dew, T. and Forbes, A. and Sivaprasad, S.",
    journal = "Journal of Diabetes Research",
    year = "2015",
    volume = "2015",
    publisher = "Hindawi Publishing Corporation",
    issn = "2314-6745, 2314-6753",
    doi = "10.1155/2015/191382",
    keywords = "adiponectin;  apolipoprotein A;  apolipoprotein B;  interleukin 1 receptor blocking agent;  interleukin 10;  interleukin 1alpha;  interleukin 1beta;  interleukin 4;  interleukin 6;  leptin;  sialic acid;  tumor necrosis factor alpha;  vasculotropin;  vitamin D;  apolipoprotein A;  apolipoprotein B;  biological marker;  tumor necrosis factor;  vasculotropin A;  VEGFA protein, human, aged;  Article;  controlled study;  diabetic retinopathy;  disease duration;  female;  human;  hypertension;  inflammation;  lipid metabolism;  macular edema;  major clinical study;  male;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  priority journal;  proliferative diabetic retinopathy;  risk assessment;  sex difference;  blood;  complication;  diabetic retinopathy;  immunoassay;  middle aged;  multivariate analysis;  pathology;  prospective study;  risk factor;  statistical model, Aged;  Apolipoproteins A;  Apolipoproteins B;  Biomarkers;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  Diabetic Retinopathy;  Female;  Humans;  Immunoassay;  Inflammation;  Lipid Metabolism;  Logistic Models;  Macular Edema;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Multivariate Analysis;  Prospective Studies;  Risk Factors;  Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha;  Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A",
    abstract = "Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between metabolic and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods. 208 adult patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this study and were categorized into (1) mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) without clinically significant macular edema (CSME), (2) NPDR with CSME, (3) proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without CSME, and (4) PDR with CSME. Variable serum metabolic markers were assessed using immunoassays. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed. Results. Diabetes duration and hypertension are the most significant risk factors for DR. Serum Apo-B and Apo-B/Apo-A ratio were the most significant metabolic risk factors for PDR and CSME. For every 0.1 g/L increase in Apo-B concentration, the risk of PDR and CSME increased by about 1.20 times. We also found that 10 pg/mL increase in serum TNF-α was associated with approximately 2-fold risk of PDR/CSME while an increase by 100 pg/mL in serum VEGF concentration correlated with CSME. Conclusions. In conclusion, it seems that there is a link between metabolic and inflammatory markers. Apo-B/Apo-A ratio should be evaluated as a reliable risk factor for PDR and CSME, while the role of increased systemic TNF-α and VEGF should be explored in CSME. © 2015 Roxanne Crosby-Nwaobi et al."
}