@article{3089253,
    title = "Screening for associated autoimmunity in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)",
    author = "Karavanaki, K. and Kakleas, K. and Paschali, E. and Kefalas, N. and Konstantopoulos, I. and Petrou, V. and Kanariou, M. and Karayianni, C.",
    journal = "Frontiers of Hormone Research",
    year = "2009",
    volume = "71",
    number = "4",
    pages = "201-206",
    doi = "10.1159/000201108",
    keywords = "autoantibody;  immunoglobulin A;  parietal cell antibody;  protein glutamine gamma glutamyltransferase antibody;  thyroglobulin antibody;  thyroid peroxidase antibody, adolescent;  adrenal gland;  adult;  age;  antibody titer;  article;  autoimmune thyroiditis;  autoimmunity;  celiac disease;  child;  diabetic patient;  disease duration;  female;  gender;  human;  insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  major clinical study;  male;  pancreas islet beta cell;  priority journal;  screening, Adolescent;  Autoantibodies;  Autoimmune Diseases;  Autoimmunity;  Child;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1;  Female;  Glutamate Decarboxylase;  Humans;  Insulin-Secreting Cells;  Logistic Models;  Male;  Mass Screening;  Prevalence;  Stomach;  Thyroid Gland;  Thyroiditis, Autoimmune",
    abstract = "Background/Aims: Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with autoimmune thyroid, celiac, autoimmune gastric and Addison's disease. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of associated autoantibodies in relation to the demographic and β-cell autoantibody status (anti-GAD). Methods: Antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin (anti-Tg), tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG IgA), parietal cells (APCA) and adrenal tissue (AAA) were measured in 144 children with T1DM with a mean ± SD age of 12.3 ± 4.6 years and a diabetes duration of 4.6 ± 3.8 years. Results: The prevalence of antibody positivity among our patients was: anti-GAD 53.2%, anti-thyroid (anti-TPO 17.4%, anti-Tg 11.1%); anti-tTG IgA 7.6%, APCA 4.0%, and AAA 0%. Among the children with positive anti-thyroid antibodies, 60% developed autoimmune thyroiditis, while among those anti-tTG IgA positive, 62.5% developed biopsy-confirmed celiac disease. Female gender was more frequent among anti-tTG IgA-positive patients (OR 4.47, p = 0.068), while increasing age was associated with anti-Tg positivity (OR 22.9, p = 0.041). The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies was associated with the presence of anti-GAD (OR 1.45, p = 0.01) and parietal cell antibodies (OR 4.98, p = 0.09). Conclusion: Among T1DM patients, the prevalence rates of anti-thyroid and parietal cell antibodies increased with age and diabetes duration. As the presence of anti-GAD was associated with gastric and thyroid autoimmunity, it could serve as marker for the development of additional autoimmunity in adolescents with diabetes. © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel."
}