@article{3090661,
    title = "Genetic polymorphisms of the GNRH1 and GNRHR genes and risk of breast cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)",
    author = "Canzian, F. and Kaaks, R. and Cox, D.G. and Henderson, K.D. and Henderson, B.E. and Berg, C. and Bingham, S. and Boeing, H. and Buring, J. and Calle, E.E. and Chanock, S. and Clavel-Chapelon, F. and Dossus, L. and Feigelson, H.S. and Haiman, C.A. and Hankinson, S.E. and Hoover, R. and Hunter, D.J. and Isaacs, C. and Lenner, P. and Lund, E. and Overvad, K. and Palli, D. and Pearce, C.L. and Quiros, J.R. and Riboli, E. and Stram, D.O. and Thomas, G. and Thun, M.J. and Trichopoulos, D. and van Gils, C.H. and Ziegler, R.G.",
    journal = "BMC Cancer",
    year = "2009",
    volume = "9",
    issn = "1471-2407",
    doi = "10.1186/1471-2407-9-257",
    keywords = "androstenedione;  estradiol;  estrone;  follitropin;  gonadorelin;  gonadorelin receptor;  luteinizing hormone;  testosterone;  GNRHR protein, human;  gonadorelin;  gonadorelin receptor;  progonadoliberin I;  protein precursor, androstenedione blood level;  article;  breast cancer;  cancer invasion;  cancer risk;  controlled study;  estradiol blood level;  estrone blood level;  exon;  female;  gene sequence;  genetic association;  genotype;  haplotype;  homozygote;  human;  major clinical study;  postmenopause;  premenopause;  single nucleotide polymorphism;  testosterone blood level;  breast tumor;  Caucasian;  cohort analysis;  ethnology;  genetic polymorphism;  genetic variability;  genetics;  prospective study;  single nucleotide polymorphism, Breast Neoplasms;  Cohort Studies;  European Continental Ancestry Group;  Exons;  Female;  Genetic Variation;  Genotype;  Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone;  Haplotypes;  Humans;  Neoplasm Invasiveness;  Polymorphism, Genetic;  Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide;  Prospective Studies;  Protein Precursors;  Receptors, LHRH",
    abstract = "Background: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH1) triggers the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary. Genetic variants in the gene encoding GNRH1 or its receptor may influence breast cancer risk by modulating production of ovarian steroid hormones. We studied the association between breast cancer risk and polymorphisms in genes that code for GNRH1 and its receptor (GNRHR) in the large National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (NCI-BPC3). Methods: We sequenced exons of GNRH1 and GNRHR in 95 invasive breast cancer cases. Resulting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped and used to identify haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNPS) in a panel of 349 healthy women. The htSNPs were genotyped in 5,603 invasive breast cancer cases and 7,480 controls from the Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II), European Prospective Investigation on Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), Nurses' Health Study (NHS), and Women's Health Study (WHS). Circulating levels of sex steroids (androstenedione, estradiol, estrone and testosterone) were also measured in 4713 study subjects. Results: Breast cancer risk was not associated with any polymorphism or haplotype in the GNRH1 and GNRHR genes, nor were there any statistically significant interactions with known breast cancer risk factors. Polymorphisms in these two genes were not strongly associated with circulating hormone levels. Conclusion: Common variants of the GNRH1 and GNRHR genes are not associated with risk of invasive breast cancer in Caucasians. © 2009 Canzian et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd."
}