@article{3099427,
    title = "High HIV sexual risk behaviors and sexually transmitted disease
prevalence among injection drug users in northern Vietnam - Implications
for a generalized HIV epidemic",
    author = "Go, VF and Frangakis, C and Van Nam, L and Bergenstrom, A and Sripaipan, and T and Zenilman, JM and Celentano, DD and Quan, VM",
    journal = "JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES",
    year = "2006",
    volume = "42",
    number = "1",
    pages = "108-115",
    publisher = "Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins",
    doi = "10.1097/01.qai.0000199354.88607.2f",
    keywords = "HIV; sexually transmitted diseases; injection drug users; Vietnam; risk
factors",
    abstract = "Background: HIV prevalence in Vietnam is currently concentrated among
injection drug users (IDUs). The extent to which this core risk group
represents a potential for broader HIV transmission to the general
population is currently unknown.
Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study among IDUs in Vietnam
assessed sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence and behavioral
risk factors. Qualitative interview data enhanced quantitative findings.
Results: The prevalence of any STDs among 272 IDUs was 30% (chlamydia,
9%; herpes simplex virus type 2 [HSV-2], 22%; gonorrhea, 0%; and
syphilis, 1%). Part-time work or unemployment (odds ratio [OR] =
2.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 6.9). sex with >= 2 sex
workers in the past year (OR = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.91 to 12.6), having ever
smoked heroin (OR = 4.5, 95% CI: 1.1 to 18.3), and injecting less
frequently than daily (OR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.43 to 10.6,) were
independently associated with chamydial infection. Urban residency (OR =
4.0, 95% CI: 1.4 to 11.0) and daily injecting (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1
to 4.4) were independently associated with HSV-2. Odds of HSV-2 among
older (>= 28 years of age) IDUs who had sex with < 2 sex workers in the
past year was higher than among younger IDUs who had sex with more sex
workers (OR = 6.4, 95% CI: 2.1 to 18.4).
Conclusions: High STD prevalence and high-risk sexual and parenteral
behaviors among IDUs indicate the potential for HIV STD transmission to
the general Vietnamese population."
}