@article{3101458,
    title = "Th2 biased upper airway inflammation is associated with an impaired response to viral infection with herpes simplex virus",
    author = "Lan, F. and Wang, X.D. and Nauwynck, H.J. and Holtappels, G. and Zhang, L. and Johnston, S.L. and Papadopoulos, N.G. and Bachert, C. and Zhang, N.",
    journal = "Rhinology",
    year = "2016",
    volume = "54",
    number = "2",
    pages = "141-149",
    publisher = "AMC",
    issn = "0300-0729",
    doi = "10.4193/Rhino15.213",
    keywords = "cytokine;  IL10 protein, human;  IL1B protein, human;  IL5 protein, human;  IL6 protein, human;  immunoglobulin E;  interferon;  interleukin 10;  interleukin 17;  interleukin 1beta;  interleukin 5;  interleukin 6;  TNF protein, human;  tumor necrosis factor, adolescent;  adult;  aged;  case control study;  chronic disease;  enzyme linked immunosorbent assay;  female;  herpes simplex;  Herpes simplex virus 1;  human;  immunology;  inflammation;  male;  middle aged;  nose mucosa;  nose polyp;  rhinitis;  sinusitis;  Th2 cell;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Aged;  Case-Control Studies;  Chronic Disease;  Cytokines;  Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay;  Female;  Herpes Simplex;  Herpesvirus 1, Human;  Humans;  Immunoglobulin E;  Inflammation;  Interferons;  Interleukin-10;  Interleukin-17;  Interleukin-1beta;  Interleukin-5;  Interleukin-6;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Nasal Mucosa;  Nasal Polyps;  Rhinitis;  Sinusitis;  Th2 Cells;  Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Background: We aimed to elucidate possible differences in antiviral defense in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) mucosal tissue compared to healthy mucosal tissue (HMT) upon herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) exposure. Methodology: HMT and CRSwNP samples were infected with HSV1. We visualized the virus location by immunofluorescence and monitored invasion by a score. The mediators Interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ, IFN-γ, Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-17, IL-5, IL-10 were measured in culture supernatants at baseline and at 24h, 48h and 72h after virus incubation. Results: CRSwNP mucosal tissue showed a significant deficit in IFN-γ and IL-17 release within 24 to 72 hours after infection in comparison to HMT, at the same time releasing significantly more pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α. These findings were associated with significantly higher viral invasion scores at 48 and 72 h in CRSwNP mucosa compared to those for the HMT. Conclusions: We demonstrate for the first time in a human ex-vivo mucosal model that the inadequate response of CRSwNP may be associated with a deeper intrusion of viruses into the mucosal tissue, and may contribute to more and longer symptoms upon acute infection, but also to the persistence of inflammation in CRSwNP tissue. © 2016, AMC. All rights reserved."
}