@article{3102800,
    title = "Incisor occlusion affects profile shape variation in middle-aged adults",
    author = "Kanavakis, G. and Silvola, A.-S. and Halazonetis, D. and Lähdesmäki, R. and Pirttiniemi, P.",
    journal = "Journal of Clinical Medicine Research",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "10",
    number = "4",
    pages = "1-10",
    publisher = "MDPI",
    issn = "1918-3003, 1918-3011",
    doi = "10.3390/jcm10040800",
    keywords = "adult;  anatomic landmark;  Article;  biological variation;  clinical assessment;  clinical evaluation;  clinical examination;  cohort analysis;  controlled study;  environmental factor;  face profile;  female;  human;  incisor;  major clinical study;  male;  malocclusion;  middle aged;  morphometry;  orthodontic procedure;  outcome assessment;  overjet;  population;  predictive value",
    abstract = "Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of overjet and overbite on profile shape in middle–aged individuals. Methods: The study population comprised 1754 46-year-old individuals, members of the 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort. Their profile images were digitized using 48 landmarks and semi-landmarks. The subsequent landmark coordinates were then transformed to shape coordinates through Procrustes Superimposition, and final data were reduced into Principal Components (PCs) of shape. Overjet and overbite values were measured manually, during a clinical examination. A multivariate regression model was developed to evaluate the effect of overjet and overbite on profile shape. Results: The first nine PCs described more than 90% of profile shape variation in the sample and were used as the shape variables in all subsequent analyses. Overjet predicted 21.3% of profile shape in the entire sample (η2 overjet = 0.213; p < 0.001), while the effect of overbite was weaker (η2 overbite = 0.138; p < 0.001). In males, the equivalent effects were 22.6% for overjet and 14% for overbite, and in females, 25.5% and 13.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Incisor occlusion has a noteworthy effect on profile shape in middle-aged adults. Its impact becomes more significant taking into consideration the large variety of genetic and environmental factors affecting soft tissue profile. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
}