@article{3103346,
    title = "Inner Ear Malformations in Congenital Deafness Are Not Associated with Increased Risk of Breech Presentation",
    author = "Sekulic, S. and Lemajic-Komazec, S. and Sokolovac, I. and Topalidou, A. and Gouni, O. and Petkovic, B. and Martac, L. and Kekovic, G. and Redzek-Mudrinic, T. and Capo, I.",
    journal = "Fetal and Pediatric Pathology",
    year = "2021",
    volume = "40",
    number = "6",
    pages = "674-684",
    publisher = "Taylor and Francis Ltd.",
    issn = "1551-3815, 1551-3823",
    doi = "10.1080/15513815.2020.1737993",
    keywords = "breech presentation;  computer assisted tomography;  congenital deafness;  environmental protection;  human;  inner ear malformation;  Medline;  nuclear magnetic resonance imaging;  Pendred syndrome;  Review;  syndrome CHARGE;  systematic review;  Usher syndrome;  vestibular function;  Waardenburg syndrome;  arm malformation;  female;  hearing impairment;  inner ear;  perception deafness;  pregnancy, Breech Presentation;  Deafness;  Ear, Inner;  Female;  Hearing Loss, Sensorineural;  Humans;  Pregnancy;  Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital",
    abstract = "Background There is speculation that an immature vestibular system may be associated with breech presentation at delivery. Our aim was to determine whether syndromes with congenital inner ear malformations were accompanied by a higher frequency of breech presentation/malpresentations than in the general population (2%−3%). Methods: A review was conducted for published literature using PubMed/MEDLINE (1936–2016), to determine frequency of breech presentation and transverse lie in cases with congenital deafness (Michel aplasia, Wildervanck syndrome, Mondini-Alexander dysplasia, Waardenburg syndrome, CHARGE syndrome, Large vestibular aqueductal syndrome, Pendred syndrome, Oculo-aurico-vertebral spectrum, Jervel and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Usher syndrome, and Scheibe dysplasia) and vestibular nerve aplasia. Results: Identified were total of 122 cases. The frequency of breech presentation was 1.64%, and of transverse lie 1.64%, giving a total of 3.28% malpresentations. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that congenital malformations of the vestibular apparatus are not associated with the increased risk of breech presentation at delivery. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC."
}