@article{3103967,
    title = "Thoracic imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a series of 91 cases",
    author = "Caro-Dominguez, P. and Shelmerdine, S.C. and Toso, S. and Secinaro, A. and Toma, P. and Damasio, M.B. and Navallas, M. and Riaza-Martin, L. and Gomez-Pastrana, D. and Ghadimi Mahani, M. and Desoky, S.M. and Ugas Charcape, C.F. and Almanza-Aranda, J. and Ucar, M.E. and Lovrenski, J. and Gorkem, S.B. and Alexopoulou, E. and Ciet, P. and van Schuppen, J. and Ducou le Pointe, H. and Goo, H.W. and Kellenberger, C.J. and Raissaki, M. and Owens, C.M. and Hirsch, F.W. and van Rijn, R.R. and Arthurs, O. and Bannier, M. and Bianco, F. and Borazjani, R. and Born, M. and Buschl, J. and Lacalamita, M.C. and De Luca, F. and Di Maurizio, M. and Finazzo, F. and Jablonka, K. and Jenkins, M. and Kamali, K. and Macconi, L. and Marín, C. and León, M.M. and Morel, B. and Goitia, I.M. and Napolitano, M. and Pan, N.-Y. and Pourbkhtyaran, E. and Prüfer, F. and Rossi, E. and Ruzal-Shapiro, C. and Dashti, A.S. and Sangri Pinto, A.G. and Seiler, C. and Gorone, M.S.P. and Collaborators of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Cardiothoracic Task Force",
    journal = "Pediatric Radiology",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "50",
    number = "10",
    pages = "1354-1368",
    publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",
    issn = "0301-0449, 1432-1998",
    doi = "10.1007/s00247-020-04747-5",
    keywords = "methotrexate;  prednisone, adolescent;  Article;  atelectasis;  bronchus;  case report;  child;  clinical evaluation;  cohort analysis;  comorbidity;  computer assisted tomography;  controlled study;  coronavirus disease 2019;  coughing;  data collection method;  deep vein thrombosis;  diagnostic imaging;  dyspnea;  echography;  female;  fever;  human;  image analysis;  infant;  lung embolism;  lung infection;  major clinical study;  male;  medical expert;  multicenter study;  newborn;  nuclear magnetic resonance imaging;  observational study;  organizing pneumonia;  pediatric radiologist;  pleura effusion;  pneumothorax;  polyarthritis;  polymerase chain reaction;  practice guideline;  preschool child;  priority journal;  retrospective study;  school child;  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2;  symptom;  thorax;  thorax radiography;  Betacoronavirus;  clinical trial;  Coronavirus infection;  diagnostic imaging;  lung;  pandemic;  procedures;  reproducibility;  thorax radiography;  virus pneumonia;  x-ray computed tomography, Adolescent;  Betacoronavirus;  Child;  Child, Preschool;  Coronavirus Infections;  Female;  Humans;  Infant;  Infant, Newborn;  Lung;  Male;  Pandemics;  Pneumonia, Viral;  Radiography, Thoracic;  Reproducibility of Results;  Retrospective Studies;  Tomography, X-Ray Computed",
    abstract = "Background: Pulmonary infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide to become a global pandemic. Objective: To collect paediatric COVID-19 cases worldwide and to summarize both clinical and imaging findings in children who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: Data were collected by completion of a standardised case report form submitted to the office of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology from March 12 to April 8, 2020. Chest imaging findings in children younger than 18 years old who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 were included. Representative imaging studies were evaluated by multiple senior paediatric radiologists from this group with expertise in paediatric chest imaging. Results: Ninety-one children were included (49 males; median age: 6.1 years, interquartile range: 1.0 to 13.0 years, range: 9 days–17 years). Most had mild symptoms, mostly fever and cough, and one-third had coexisting medical conditions. Eleven percent of children presented with severe symptoms and required intensive unit care. Chest radiographs were available in 89% of patients and 10% of them were normal. Abnormal chest radiographs showed mainly perihilar bronchial wall thickening (58%) and/or airspace consolidation (35%). Computed tomography (CT) scans were available in 26% of cases, with the most common abnormality being ground glass opacities (88%) and/or airspace consolidation (58%). Tree in bud opacities were seen in 6 of 24 CTs (25%). Lung ultrasound and chest magnetic resonance imaging were rarely utilized. Conclusion: It seems unnecessary to perform chest imaging in children to diagnose COVID-19. Chest radiography can be used in symptomatic children to assess airway infection or pneumonia. CT should be reserved for when there is clinical concern to assess for possible complications, especially in children with coexisting medical conditions. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature."
}