@article{3104223,
    title = "Support for e-cigarette policies among smokers in seven European countries: longitudinal findings from the 2016–18 EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys",
    author = "Chung-Hall, J. and Meng, G. and Kyriakos, C.N. and Craig, L.V. and Balmford, J. and Demjén, T. and Fernández, E. and Mons, U. and Tountas, Y. and Janik-Koncewicz, K. and Zatoński, W. and Trofor, A.C. and Vardavas, C.I. and Fong, G.T. and Glahn, A. and Nguyen, D. and Nikitara, K. and Radu-Loghin, C. and Starchenko, P. and Tsatsakis, A. and Girvalaki, C. and Igoumenaki, C. and Papadakis, S. and Papathanasaki, A. and Tzatzarakis, M. and Vardavas, A.I. and Bécuwe, N. and Deaconu, L. and Goudet, S. and Hanley, C. and Rivière, O. and Kiss, J. and Kovacs, A.P. and Castellano, Y. and Fu, M. and Nogueira, S.O. and Tigova, O. and McNeill, A. and East, K. and Hitchman, S.C. and Kahnert, S. and Behrakis, P. and Filippidis, F.T. and Gratziou, C. and Katsaounou, P. and Peleki, T. and Petroulia, I. and Tzavara, C. and Eremia, M. and Lotrean, L. and Mihaltan, F. and Rohde, G. and Asano, T. and Cichon, C. and Far, A. and Genton, C. and Jessner, M. and Hedman, L. and Janson, C. and Lindberg, A. and Maguire, B. and Ravara, S. and Vaccaro, V. and Ward, B. and Willemsen, M. and De Vries, H. and Hummel, K. and Nagelhout, G.E. and Herbeć, A. and Przewoźniak, K. and Zatoński, M. and Agar, T.K. and Quah, A.C.K. and EUREST-PLUS Consortium",
    journal = "Central European Journal of Public Health",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "30",
    pages = "III68-III77",
    publisher = "Oxford University Press",
    issn = "1210-7778",
    doi = "10.1093/eurpub/ckaa085",
    abstract = "Background: The 2016 European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) required Member States (MS) to implement new regulations for electronic cigarettes (ECs). We conducted a longitudinal study to assess changes over 2 years in smokers’ support for EC policies and identify predictors of support in seven European countries after TPD implementation. Methods: Prospective cohort surveys were conducted among adult smokers in Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain and England in 2016 (n ¼ 9547; just after TPD) and 2018 (n ¼ 10 287; 2 years after TPD). Multivariable logistic regression models employing generalized estimating equations assessed changes in support for four EC policies, and tested for country differences and strength of key predictors of support. Results: Banning EC use in smoke-free places was supported by 53.1% in 2016 and 54.6% in 2018 with a significant increase in Greece (51.7–66.0%) and a decrease in Spain (60.1–48.6%). Restricting EC/e-liquid nicotine content was supported by 52.2 and 47.4% in 2016 and 2018, respectively, with a significant decrease in England (54.2–46.5%) and Romania (52.5–41.0%). An EC promotion ban was supported by 41.1 and 40.2%. A flavour ban was supported by 33.3% and 32.3% with a significant increase in Hungary (34.3–43.3%). Support was generally higher in Poland, Hungary and Greece vs. England. Support was lower among dual and EC-only users, and low-income smokers. Conclusions: Smokers in all countries strongly supported banning EC use in smoke-free places and restricting nicotine content after TPD implementation, with no clear trends for changes in policy support. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved."
}