@article{3104225,
    title = "Impact of the Tobacco Products Directive on self-reported exposure to e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship in smokers—findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys",
    author = "Gravely, S. and Driezen, P. and Kyriakos, C.N. and Thompson, M.E. and Balmford, J. and Demjén, T. and Fernández, E. and Mons, U. and Tountas, Y. and Janik-Koncewicz, K. and Zatoński, W. and Trofor, A.C. and Vardavas, C.I. and Fong, G.T. and Glahn, A. and Nguyen, D. and Nikitara, K. and Radu-Loghin, C. and Starchenko, P. and Tsatsakis, A. and Girvalaki, C. and Igoumenaki, C. and Papadakis, S. and Papathanasaki, A. and Tzatzarakis, M. and Vardavas, A.I. and Bécuwe, N. and Deaconu, L. and Goudet, S. and Hanley, C. and Rivière, O. and Kiss, J. and Kovacs, A.P. and Castellano, Y. and Fu, M. and Nogueira, S.O. and Tigova, O. and McNeill, A. and East, K. and Hitchman, S.C. and Kahnert, S. and Behrakis, P. and Filippidis, F.T. and Gratziou, C. and Katsaounou, P. and Peleki, T. and Petroulia, I. and Tzavara, C. and Eremia, M. and Lotrean, L. and Mihaltan, F. and Rohde, G. and Asano, T. and Cichon, C. and Far, A. and Genton, C. and Jessner, M. and Hedman, L. and Janson, C. and Lindberg, A. and Maguire, B. and Ravara, S. and Vaccaro, V. and Ward, B. and Willemsen, M. and De Vries, H. and Hummel, K. and Nagelhout, G.E. and Herbeć, A. and Przewoźniak, K. and Zatoński, M. and Agar, T.K. and Quah, A.C.K. and EUREST-PLUS Consortium",
    journal = "Central European Journal of Public Health",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "30",
    pages = "III55-III61",
    publisher = "Oxford University Press",
    issn = "1210-7778",
    doi = "10.1093/eurpub/ckaa055",
    abstract = "Background: Advertising, promotion and sponsorship of electronic cigarettes (ECAPS) have increased in recent years. Since May 2016, the Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU (TPD2) prohibits ECAPS in various advertising channels, including media that have cross-border effects. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in exposure to ECAPS in a cohort of smokers from six European Union member states after implementation of TPD2. Methods: Self-reported exposure to ECAPS overall and in various media and localities was examined over two International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation survey waves (2016 and 2018) in a cohort of 6011 adult smokers from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Spain (EUREST-PLUS Project) using longitudinal generalized estimating equations models. Results: Self-reported ECAPS exposure at both timepoints varied between countries and across examined advertising channels. Overall, there was a significant increase in ECAPS exposure [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09–1.44]. Between waves, no consistent patterns of change in ECAPS exposure across countries and different media were observed. Generally, ECAPS exposure tended to decline in some channels regulated by TPD2, particularly on television and radio, while exposure tended to increase in some unregulated channels, such as at points of sale. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the TPD2 was generally effective in reducing ECAPS in regulated channels. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to evaluate its role in reducing ECAPS exposure, possibly by triangulation with additional sources of data. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. All rights reserved."
}