@article{3105011,
    title = "Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: Methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study",
    author = "James, S.L. and Castle, C.D. and Dingels, Z.V. and Fox, J.T. and Hamilton, E.B. and Liu, Z. and Roberts, N.L.S. and Sylte, D.O. and Bertolacci, G.J. and Cunningham, M. and Henry, N.J. and Legrand, K.E. and Abdelalim, A. and Abdollahpour, I. and Abdulkader, R.S. and Abedi, A. and Abegaz, K.H. and Abosetugn, A.E. and Abushouk, A.I. and Adebayo, O.M. and Adsuar, J.C. and Advani, S.M. and Agudelo-Botero, M. and Ahmad, T. and Ahmed, M.B. and Ahmed, R. and Aichour, M.T.E. and Alahdab, F. and Alanezi, F.M. and Alema, N.M. and Alemu, B.W. and Alghnam, S.A. and Ali, B.A. and Ali, S. and Alinia, C. and Alipour, V. and Aljunid, S.M. and Almasi-Hashiani, A. and Almasri, N.A. and Altirkawi, K. and Amer, Y.S.A. and Andrei, C.L. and Ansari-Moghaddam, A. and Antonio, C.A.T. and Anvari, D. and Appiah, S.C.Y. and Arabloo, J. and Arab-Zozani, M. and Arefi, Z. and Aremu, O. and Ariani, F. and Arora, A. and Asaad, M. and Quintanilla, B.P.A. and Ayano, G. and Ayanore, M.A. and Azarian, G. and Badawi, A. and Badiye, A.D. and Baig, A.A. and Bairwa, M. and Bakhtiari, A. and Balachandran, A. and Banach, M. and Banerjee, S.K. and Banik, P.C. and Banstola, A. and Barker-Collo, S.L. and Bärnighausen, T.W. and Barzegar, A. and Bayati, M. and Bazargan-Hejazi, S. and Bedi, N. and Behzadifar, M. and Belete, H. and Bennett, D.A. and Bensenor, I.M. and Berhe, K. and Bhagavathula, A.S. and Bhardwaj, P. and Bhat, A.G. and Bhattacharyya, K. and Bhutta, Z.A. and Bibi, S. and Bijani, A. and Boloor, A. and Borges, G. and Borschmann, R. and Borzì, A.M. and Boufous, S. and Braithwaite, D. and Briko, N.I. and Brugha, T. and Budhathoki, S.S. and Car, J. and Cárdenas, R. and Carvalho, F. and Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. and Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. and Castelpietra, G. and Catalá-López, F. and Cerin, E. and Chandan, J.S. and Chapman, J.R. and Chattu, V.K. and Chattu, S.K. and Chatziralli, I. and Chaudhary, N. and Cho, D.Y. and Choi, J.-Y.J. and Chowdhury, M.A.K. and Christopher, D.J. and Chu, D.-T. and Cicuttini, F.M. and Coelho, J.M. and Costa, V.M. and Dahlawi, S.M.A. and Daryani, A. and Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. and De Leo, D. and Demeke, F.M. and Demoz, G.T. and Demsie, D.G. and Deribe, K. and Desai, R. and Nasab, M.D. and Da Silva, D.D. and Forooshani, Z.S.D. and Do, H.T. and Doyle, K.E. and Driscoll, T.R. and Dubljanin, E. and Adema, B.D. and Eagan, A.W. and Elemineh, D.A. and El-Jaafary, S.I. and El-Khatib, Z. and Ellingsen, C.L. and El Sayedzaki, M. and Eskandarieh, S. and Eyawo, O. and Faris, P.S. and Faro, A. and Farzadfar, F. and Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. and Fernandes, E. and Ferrara, P. and Fischer, F. and Folayan, M.O. and Fomenkov, A.A. and Foroutan, M. and Francis, J.M. and Franklin, R.C. and Fukumoto, T. and Geberemariyam, B.S. and Gebremariam, H. and Gebremedhin, K.B. and Gebremeskel, L.G. and Gebremeskel, G.G. and Gebremichael, B. and Gedefaw, G.A. and Geta, B. and Getenet, A.B. and Ghafourifard, M. and Ghamari, F. and Gheshlagh, R.G. and Gholamian, A. and Gilani, S.A. and Gill, T.K. and Goudarzian, A.H. and Goulart, A.C. and Grada, A. and Grivna, M. and Guimarães, R.A. and Guo, Y. and Gupta, G. and Haagsma, J.A. and Hall, B.J. and Hamadeh, R.R. and Hamidi, S. and Handiso, D.W. and Haro, J.M. and Hasanzadeh, A. and Hassan, S. and Hassanipour, S. and Hassankhani, H. and Hassen, H.Y. and Havmoeller, R. and Hendrie, D. and Heydarpour, F. and Híjar, M. and Ho, H.C. and Hoang, C.L. and Hole, M.K. and Holla, R. and Hossain, N. and Hosseinzadeh, M. and Hostiuc, S. and Hu, G. and Ibitoye, S.E. and Ilesanmi, O.S. and Inbaraj, L.R. and Irvani, S.S.N. and Islam, M.M. and Islam, S.M.S. and Ivers, R.Q. and Jahani, M.A. and Jakovljevic, M. and Jalilian, F. and Jayaraman, S. and Jayatilleke, A.U. and Jha, R.P. and John-Akinola, Y.O. and Jonas, J.B. and Jones, K.M. and Joseph, N. and Joukar, F. and Jozwiak, J.J. and Jungari, S.B. and Jürisson, M. and Kabir, A. and Kahsay, A. and Kalankesh, L.R. and Kalhor, R. and Kamil, T.A. and Kanchan, T. and Kapoor, N. and Karami, M. and Kasaeian, A. and Kassaye, H.G. and Kavetskyy, T. and Kayode, G.A. and Keiyoro, P.N. and Kelbore, A.G. and Khader, Y.S. and Khafaie, M.A. and Khalid, N. and Khalil, I.A. and Khalilov, R. and Khan, M. and Khan, E.A. and Khan, J. and Khanna, T. and Khazaei, S. and Khazaie, H. and Khundkar, R. and Kiirithio, D.N. and Kim, Y.-E. and Kim, Y.J. and Kim, D. and Kisa, S. and Kisa, A. and Komaki, H. and Kondlahalli, S.K.M. and Koolivand, A. and Korshunov, V.A. and Koyanagi, A. and Kraemer, M.U.G. and Krishan, K. and Defo, B.K. and Bicer, B.K. and Kugbey, N. and Kumar, N. and Kumar, M. and Kumar, V. and Kumar, N. and Kumaresh, G. and Lami, F.H. and Lansingh, V.C. and Lasrado, S. and Latifi, A. and Lauriola, P. and Vecchia, C.L. and Leasher, J.L. and Lee, S.W.H. and Li, S. and Liu, X. and Lopez, A.D. and Lotufo, P.A. and Lyons, R.A. and Machado, D.B. and Madadin, M. and Abd El Razek, M.M. and Mahotra, N.B. and Majdan, M. and Majeed, A. and Maled, V. and Malta, D.C. and Manafi, N. and Manafi, A. and Manda, A.-L. and Manjunatha, N. and Mansour-Ghanaei, F. and Mansournia, M.A. and Maravilla, J.C. and Mason-Jones, A.J. and Masoumi, S.Z. and Massenburg, B.B. and Maulik, P.K. and Mehndiratta, M.M. and Melketsedik, Z.A. and Memiah, P.T.N. and Mendoza, W. and Menezes, R.G. and Mengesha, M.M. and Meretoja, T.J. and Meretoja, A. and Merie, H.E. and Mestrovic, T. and Miazgowski, B. and Miazgowski, T. and Miller, T.R. and Mini, G.K. and Mirica, A. and Mirrakhimov, E.M. and Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M. and Mithra, P. and Moazen, B. and Moghadaszadeh, M. and Mohamadi, E. and Mohammad, Y. and Darwesh, A.M. and Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A. and Mohammadpourhodki, R. and Mohammed, S. and Mohammed, J.A. and Mohebi, F. and Bandpei, M.A.M. and Molokhia, M. and Monasta, L. and Moodley, Y. and Moradi, M. and Moradi, G. and Moradi-Lakeh, M. and Moradzadeh, R. and Morawska, L. and Velásquez, I.M. and Morrison, S.D. and Mossie, T.B. and Muluneh, A.G. and Musa, K.I. and Mustafa, G. and Naderi, M. and Nagarajan, A.J. and Naik, G. and Naimzada, M.D. and Najaf, F. and Nangia, V. and Nascimento, B.R. and Naserbakht, M. and Nayak, V. and Nazari, J. and Ndwandwe, D.E. and Negoi, I. and Ngunjiri, J.W. and Nguyen, T.H. and Nguyen, C.T. and Nguyen, D.N. and Nguyen, H.L.T. and Nikbakhsh, R. and Ningrum, D.N.A. and Nnaji, C.A. and Ofori-Asenso, R. and Ogbo, F.A. and Oghenetega, O.B. and Oh, I.-H. and Olagunju, A.T. and Olagunju, T.O. and Bali, A.O. and Onwujekwe, O.E. and Orpana, H.M. and Ota, E. and Otstavnov, N. and Otstavnov, S.S. and Mahesh, A.P. and Padubidri, J.R. and Pakhale, S. and Pakshir, K. and Panda-Jonas, S. and Park, E.-K. and Patel, S.K. and Pathak, A. and Pati, S. and Paulos, K. and Peden, A.E. and Pepito, V.C.F. and Pereira, J. and Phillips, M.R. and Polibin, R.V. and Polinder, S. and Pourmalek, F. and Pourshams, A. and Poustchi, H. and Prakash, S. and Pribadi, D.R.A. and Puri, P. and Syed, Z.Q. and Rabiee, N. and Rabiee, M. and Radfar, A. and Rafay, A. and Rafee, A. and Rafei, A. and Rahim, F. and Rahimi, S. and Rahman, M.A. and Rajabpour-Sanati, A. and Rajati, F. and Rakovac, I. and Rao, S.J. and Rashedi, V. and Rastogi, P. and Rathi, P. and Rawaf, S. and Rawal, L. and Rawassizadeh, R. and Renjith, V. and Resnikoff, S. and Rezapour, A. and Ribeiro, A.I. and Rickard, J. and González, C.M.R. and Roever, L. and Ronfani, L. and Roshandel, G. and Saddik, B. and Safarpour, H. and Safdarian, M. and Sajadi, S.M. and Salamati, P. and Salem, M.R.R. and Salem, H. and Salz, I. and Samy, A.M. and Sanabria, J. and Riera, L.S. and Milicevic, M.M.S. and Sarker, A.R. and Sarveazad, A. and Sathian, B. and Sawhney, M. and Sayyah, M. and Schwebel, D.C. and Seedat, S. and Senthilkumaran, S. and Seyedmousavi, S. and Sha, F. and Shaahmadi, F. and Shahabi, S. and Shaikh, M.A. and Shams-Beyranvand, M. and Sheikh, A. and Shigematsu, M. and Shin, J.I. and Shiri, R. and Siabani, S. and Sigfusdottir, I.D. and Singh, J.A. and Singh, P.K. and Sinha, D.N. and Soheili, A. and Soriano, J.B. and Sorrie, M.B. and Soyiri, I.N. and Stokes, M.A. and Sufiyan, M.B. and Sykes, B.L. and Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. and Tabb, K.M. and Taddele, B.W. and Tefera, Y.M. and Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. and Tekulu, G.H. and Tesema, A.K.T. and Tesfay, B.E. and Thapar, R. and Titova, M.V. and Tlaye, K.G. and Tohidinik, H.R. and Topor-Madry, R. and Tran, K.B. and Tran, B.X. and Tripathy, J.P. and Tsai, A.C. and Tsatsakis, A. and Car, L.T. and Ullah, I. and Ullah, S. and Unnikrishnan, B. and Upadhyay, E. and Uthman, O.A. and Valdez, P.R. and Vasankari, T.J. and Veisani, Y. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Violante, F.S. and Vlassov, V. and Waheed, Y. and Wang, Y.-P. and Wiangkham, T. and Wolde, H.F. and Woldeyes, D.H. and Wondmeneh, T.G. and Wondmieneh, A.B. and Wu, A.-M. and Wyper, G.M.A. and Yadav, R. and Yadollahpour, A. and Yano, Y. and Yaya, S. and Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. and Ye, P. and Yip, P. and Yisma, E. and Yonemoto, N. and Yoon, S.-J. and Youm, Y. and Younis, M.Z. and Yousef, Z. and Yu, C. and Yu, Y. and Moghadam, T.Z. and Zaidi, Z. and Zaman, S.B. and Zamani, M. and Zandian, H. and Zarei, F. and Zhang, Z.-J. and Zhang, Y. and Ziapour, A. and Zodpey, S. and Dandona, R. and Dharmaratne, S.D. and Hay, S.I. and Mokdad, A.H. and Pigott, D.M. and Reiner, R.C. and Vos, T.",
    journal = "Road Injury Prevention & Litigation Journal",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    pages = "I125-I153",
    publisher = "BMJ Publishing Group",
    doi = "10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043531",
    keywords = "female;  global disease burden;  global health;  human;  incidence;  injury;  life expectancy;  male;  morbidity;  mortality;  quality adjusted life year, Female;  Global Burden of Disease;  Global Health;  Humans;  Incidence;  Life Expectancy;  Male;  Morbidity;  Quality-Adjusted Life Years;  Wounds and Injuries",
    abstract = "Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC B Y. Published by BMJ."
}