@article{3105013,
    title = "Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the global burden of disease study 2017",
    author = "James, S.L. and Castle, C.D. and Dingels, Z.V. and Fox, J.T. and Hamilton, E.B. and Liu, Z. and Roberts, N.L.S. and Sylte, D.O. and Henry, N.J. and LeGrand, K.E. and Abdelalim, A. and Abdoli, A. and Abdollahpour, I. and Abdulkader, R.S. and Abedi, A. and Abosetugn, A.E. and Abushouk, A.I. and Adebayo, O.M. and Agudelo-Botero, M. and Ahmad, T. and Ahmed, R. and Ahmed, M.B. and Aichour, M.T.E. and Alahdab, F. and Alamene, G.M. and Alanezi, F.M. and Alebel, A. and Alema, N.M. and Alghnam, S.A. and Al-Hajj, S. and Ali, B.A. and Ali, S. and Alikhani, M. and Alinia, C. and Alipour, V. and Aljunid, S.M. and Almasi-Hashiani, A. and Almasri, N.A. and Altirkawi, K. and Amer, Y.S.A. and Amini, S. and Amit, A.M.L. and Andrei, C.L. and Ansari-Moghaddam, A. and Antonio, C.A.T. and Appiah, S.C.Y. and Arabloo, J. and Arab-Zozani, M. and Arefi, Z. and Aremu, O. and Ariani, F. and Arora, A. and Asaad, M. and Asghari, B. and Awoke, N. and Quintanilla, B.P.A. and Ayano, G. and Ayanore, M.A. and Azari, S. and Azarian, G. and Badawi, A. and Badiye, A.D. and Bagli, E. and Baig, A.A. and Bairwa, M. and Bakhtiari, A. and Balachandran, A. and Banach, M. and Banerjee, S.K. and Banik, P.C. and Banstola, A. and Barker-Collo, S.L. and Bärnighausen, T.W. and Barrero, L.H. and Barzegar, A. and Bayati, M. and Baye, B.A. and Bedi, N. and Behzadifar, M. and Bekuma, T.T. and Belete, H. and Benjet, C. and Bennett, D.A. and Bensenor, I.M. and Berhe, K. and Bhardwaj, P. and Bhat, A.G. and Bhattacharyya, K. and Bibi, S. and Bijani, A. and Sayeed, M.S.B. and Borges, G. and Borzì, A.M. and Boufous, S. and Brazinova, A. and Briko, N.I. and Budhathoki, S.S. and Car, J. and Cárdenas, R. and Carvalho, F. and Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. and Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. and Castelpietra, G. and Catalá-López, F. and Cerin, E. and Chandan, J.S. and Chanie, W.F. and Chattu, S.K. and Chattu, V.K. and Chatziralli, I. and Chaudhary, N. and Cho, D.Y. and Chowdhury, M.A.K. and Chu, D.-T. and Colquhoun, S.M. and Constantin, M.-M. and Costa, V.M. and Damiani, G. and Daryani, A. and Dávila-Cervantes, C.A. and Demeke, F.M. and Demis, A.B. and Demoz, G.T. and Demsie, D.G. and Derakhshani, A. and Deribe, K. and Desai, R. and Nasab, M.D. and Dias da Silva, D. and Forooshani, Z.S.D. and Doyle, K.E. and Driscoll, T.R. and Dubljanin, E. and Adema, B.D. and Eagan, A.W. and Eftekhari, A. and Ehsani-Chimeh, E. and El Sayed Zaki, M. and Elemineh, D.A. and El-Jaafary, S.I. and El-Khatib, Z. and Ellingsen, C.L. and Emamian, M.H. and Endalew, D.A. and Eskandarieh, S. and Faris, P.S. and Faro, A. and Farzadfar, F. and Fatahi, Y. and Fekadu, W. and Ferede, T.Y. and Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. and Fernandes, E. and Ferrara, P. and Feyissa, G.T. and Filip, I. and Fischer, F. and Folayan, M.O. and Foroutan, M. and Francis, J.M. and Franklin, R.C. and Fukumoto, T. and Geberemariyam, B.S. and Gebre, A.K. and Gebremedhin, K.B. and Gebremeskel, G.G. and Gebremichael, B. and Gedefaw, G.A. and Geta, B. and Ghafourifard, M. and Ghamari, F. and Ghashghaee, A. and Gholamian, A. and Gill, T.K. and Goulart, A.C. and Grada, A. and Grivna, M. and Gubari, M.I.M. and Guimarães, R.A. and Guo, Y. and Gupta, G. and Haagsma, J.A. and Hafezi-Nejad, N. and Bidgoli, H.H. and Hall, B.J. and Hamadeh, R.R. and Hamidi, S. and Haro, J.M. and Hasan, M.M. and Hasanzadeh, A. and Hassanipour, S. and Hassankhani, H. and Hassen, H.Y. and Havmoeller, R. and Hayat, K. and Hendrie, D. and Heydarpour, F. and Híjar, M. and Ho, H.C. and Hoang, C.L. and Hole, M.K. and Holla, R. and Hossain, N. and Hosseinzadeh, M. and Hostiuc, S. and Hu, G. and Ibitoye, S.E. and Ilesanmi, O.S. and Ilic, I. and Ilic, M.D. and Inbaraj, L.R. and Indriasih, E. and Irvani, S.S.N. and Islam, S.M.S. and Mofizul Islam, M. and Ivers, R.Q. and Jacobsen, K.H. and Jahani, M.A. and Jahanmehr, N. and Jakovljevic, M. and Jalilian, F. and Jayaraman, S. and Jayatilleke, A.U. and Jha, R.P. and John-Akinola, Y.O. and Jonas, J.B. and Joseph, N. and Joukar, F. and Jozwiak, J.J. and Jungari, S.B. and Jürisson, M. and Kabir, A. and Kadel, R. and Kahsay, A. and Kalankesh, L.R. and Kalhor, R. and Kamil, T.A. and Kanchan, T. and Kapoor, N. and Karami, M. and Kasaeian, A. and Kassaye, H.G. and Kavetskyy, T. and Kebede, H.K. and Keiyoro, P.N. and Kelbore, A.G. and Kelkay, B. and Khader, Y.S. and Khafaie, M.A. and Khalid, N. and Khalil, I.A. and Khalilov, R. and Khammarnia, M. and Khan, E.A. and Khan, M. and Khanna, T. and Khazaie, H. and Shadmani, F.K. and Khundkar, R. and Kiirithio, D.N. and Kim, Y.-E. and Kim, D. and Kim, Y.J. and Kisa, A. and Kisa, S. and Komaki, H. and Kondlahalli, S.K.M. and Korshunov, V.A. and Koyanagi, A. and Kraemer, M.U.G. and Krishan, K. and Bicer, B.K. and Kugbey, N. and Kumar, V. and Kumar, N. and Anil Kumar, G. and Kumar, M. and Kumaresh, G. and Kurmi, O.P. and Kuti, O. and Vecchia, C.L. and Lami, F.H. and Lamichhane, P. and Lang, J.J. and Lansingh, V.C. and Laryea, D.O. and Lasrado, S. and Latifi, A. and Lauriola, P. and Leasher, 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H.A.R. and Sykes, B.L. and Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. and Tabb, K.M. and Taddele, B.W. and Tadesse, D.B. and Tamiru, A.T. and Tarigan, I.U. and Tefera, Y.M. and Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. and Tekle, M.G. and Tekulu, G.H. and Tesema, A.K. and Tesfay, B.E. and Thapar, R. and Tilahune, A.B. and Tlaye, K.G. and Tohidinik, H.R. and Topor-Madry, R. and Tran, B.X. and Tran, K.B. and Tripathy, J.P. and Tsai, A.C. and Car, L.T. and Ullah, S. and Ullah, I. and Umar, M. and Unnikrishnan, B. and Upadhyay, E. and Uthman, O.A. and Valdez, P.R. and Vasankari, T.J. and Venketasubramanian, N. and Violante, F.S. and Vlassov, V. and Waheed, Y. and Weldesamuel, G.T. and Werdecker, A. and Wiangkham, T. and Wolde, H.F. and Woldeyes, D.H. and Wondafrash, D.Z. and Wondmeneh, T.G. and Wondmieneh, A.B. and Wu, A.-M. and Yadav, R. and Yadollahpour, A. and Yano, Y. and Yaya, S. and Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V. and Yip, P. and Yisma, E. and Yonemoto, N. and Yoon, S.-J. and Youm, Y. and Younis, M.Z. and Yousefi, Z. and Yu, Y. and Yu, C. and Yusefzadeh, H. and Moghadam, T.Z. and Zaidi, Z. and Zaman, S.B. and Zamani, M. and Zamanian, M. and Zandian, H. and Zarei, A. and Zare, F. and Zhang, Z.-J. and Zhang, Y. and Zodpey, S. and Dandona, L. and Dandona, R. and Degenhardt, L. and Dharmaratne, S.D. and Hay, S.I. and Mokdad, A.H. and Reiner, R.C., Jr. and Sartorius, B. and Vos, T.",
    journal = "Road Injury Prevention & Litigation Journal",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "26",
    number = "1",
    pages = "I96-I114",
    publisher = "BMJ Publishing Group",
    doi = "10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494",
    keywords = "global disease burden;  global health;  human;  incidence;  injury;  life expectancy;  morbidity;  mortality;  quality adjusted life year, Global Burden of Disease;  Global Health;  Humans;  Incidence;  Life Expectancy;  Morbidity;  Quality-Adjusted Life Years;  Wounds and Injuries",
    abstract = "Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ."
}