@article{3105505,
    title = "Effectiveness of Transmitted Drug Resistance Testing before Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Positive Individuals",
    author = "Lodi, S. and Günthard, H.F. and Gill, J. and Phillips, A.N. and Dunn, D. and Vu, Q. and Siemieniuk, R. and Garcia, F. and Logan, R. and Jose, S. and Bucher, H.C. and Scherrer, A.U. and Reiss, P. and Van Sighem, A. and Boender, T.S. and Porter, K. and Gilson, R. and Paraskevis, D. and Simeon, M. and Vourli, G. and Moreno, S. and Jarrin, I. and Sabin, C. and Hernán, M.A.",
    journal = "JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "82",
    number = "3",
    pages = "314-320",
    publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
    doi = "10.1097/QAI.0000000000002135",
    keywords = "efavirenz;  nevirapine;  nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor;  RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor;  stavudine;  anti human immunodeficiency virus agent;  antiretrovirus agent, acquired immune deficiency syndrome;  adult;  antiretroviral therapy;  Article;  CD4 lymphocyte count;  clinical outcome;  clinical practice;  cohort analysis;  female;  human;  Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  major clinical study;  male;  nonparametric test;  prevalence;  priority journal;  RNA virus;  sensitivity analysis;  transmitted drug resistance;  antiviral resistance;  combination drug therapy;  drug effect;  Human immunodeficiency virus 1;  Human immunodeficiency virus infection;  middle aged;  virology, Adult;  Anti-HIV Agents;  Anti-Retroviral Agents;  CD4 Lymphocyte Count;  Drug Resistance, Viral;  Drug Therapy, Combination;  Female;  HIV Infections;  HIV-1;  Humans;  Male;  Middle Aged",
    abstract = "Background:For people living with HIV, major guidelines in high-income countries recommend testing for transmitted drug resistance (TDR) to guide the choice of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, individuals who fail a first-line regimen can now be switched to one of several effective regimens. Therefore, the virological and clinical benefit of TDR testing needs to be evaluated.Methods:We included individuals from the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration who enrolled <6 months of HIV diagnosis between 2006 and 2015, were ART-naive, and had measured CD4 count and HIV-RNA. Follow-up started at the date when all inclusion criteria were first met (baseline). We compared 2 strategies: (1) TDR testing within 3 months of baseline versus (2) no TDR testing. We used inverse probability weighting to estimate the 5-year proportion and hazard ratios (HRs) of virological suppression (confirmed HIV-RNA <50 copies/mL), and of AIDS or death under both strategies.Results:Of 25,672 eligible individuals (82% males, 52% diagnosed in 2010 or later), 17,189 (67%) were tested for TDR within 3 months of baseline. Of these, 6% had intermediate- or high-level TDR to any antiretroviral drug. The estimated 5-year proportion virologically suppressed was 77% under TDR testing and 74% under no TDR testing; HR 1.06 (95% confidence interval: 1.03 to 1.19). The estimated 5-year risk of AIDS or death was 6% under both strategies; HR 1.03 (95% confidence interval: 0.95 to 1.12).Conclusions:TDR prevalence was low. Although TDR testing improved virological response, we found no evidence that it reduced the incidence of AIDS or death in first 5 years after diagnosis. © 2019 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved."
}