@article{3105660,
    title = "Acute severe asthma in adolescent and adult patients: Current perspectives on assessment and management",
    author = "Kostakou, E. and Kaniaris, E. and Filiou, E. and Vasileiadis, I. and Katsaounou, P. and Tzortzaki, E. and Koulouris, N. and Koutsoukou, A. and Rovina, N.",
    journal = "Journal of Clinical Medicine Research",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "8",
    number = "9",
    publisher = "MDPI",
    issn = "1918-3003, 1918-3011",
    doi = "10.3390/jcm8091283",
    keywords = "adrenergic receptor stimulating agent;  allergen;  atracurium besilate;  cholinergic receptor blocking agent;  corticosteroid;  dexmedetomidine;  enoximone;  fentanyl;  gamma interferon;  heliox;  interleukin 12;  interleukin 13;  interleukin 25;  interleukin 33;  ketamine;  leukotriene receptor blocking agent;  magnesium sulfate;  methylxanthine;  midazolam;  propofol;  remifentanil;  tobacco smoke;  tumor necrosis factor, adolescent;  adult;  artificial ventilation;  asthma;  asthmatic state;  bariatric surgery;  breathing rate;  bronchiectasis;  chest tightness;  chronic obstructive lung disease;  chronic respiratory tract disease;  disease exacerbation;  dyspnea;  ethnicity;  expiratory flow;  extracorporeal oxygenation;  forced expiratory volume;  gastroesophageal reflux;  genetic polymorphism;  genome-wide association study;  heart rate;  hospitalization;  human;  hypercapnia;  hyperinflation;  immune response;  kyphosis;  larynx stenosis;  mediastinum;  mental stress;  morbidity;  mortality;  muscle fatigue;  obesity;  osteoporosis;  oxygen saturation;  oxygen supply;  patient compliance;  pneumonia;  predictive value;  Review;  risk factor;  sleep disordered breathing;  smoking;  socioeconomics;  virus infection;  wheezing",
    abstract = "Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is associated with variable expiratory flow, variable respiratory symptoms, and exacerbations which sometimes require hospitalization or may be fatal. It is not only patients with severe and poorly controlled asthma that are at risk for an acute severe exacerbation, but this has also been observed in patients with otherwise mild or moderate asthma. This review discusses current aspects on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of acute severe asthma exacerbations and provides the current perspectives on the management of acute severe asthma attacks in the emergency department and the intensive care unit. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland."
}