@article{3106633,
    title = "Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma",
    author = "Kalogeropoulos, D. and Vartholomatos, G. and Mitra, A. and Elaraoud, I. and Ch'ng, S.W. and Zikou, A. and Papoudou-Bai, A. and Moschos, M.M. and Kanavaros, P. and Kalogeropoulos, C.",
    journal = "Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "33",
    number = "1",
    pages = "66-80",
    publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
    issn = "1319-4534",
    doi = "10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.12.008",
    keywords = "antineoplastic agent;  cytokine;  methotrexate;  rituximab, animal model;  aspiration;  autofluorescence;  B cell lymphoma;  B scan;  brain biopsy;  cancer chemotherapy;  cancer prognosis;  cancer radiotherapy;  cancer risk;  carcinogenesis;  cerebrospinal fluid examination;  clinical examination;  cytogenetics;  cytopathology;  differential diagnosis;  flow cytometry;  fluorescence angiography;  histology;  histopathology;  human;  immunohistochemistry;  immunophenotyping;  indocyanine green angiography;  intraocular lymphoma;  lymphoma cell;  molecular diagnosis;  molecular pathology;  neuroimaging;  nonhuman;  ophthalmoscopy;  optical coherence tomography;  pars plana vitrectomy;  primary tumor;  primary vitreoretinal lymphoma;  priority journal;  recurrence risk;  Review;  uveitis;  vitreoretinopathy;  vitreous biopsy",
    abstract = "Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare ocular lymphoid malignancy, which consists a subset of primary central system lymphoma (PCNSL) and the most common type of intraocular lymphoma. The involvement of eyes is estimated to be approximately 20% of PCNSL, but the brain involvement may be up to 80% of PVRL. Typically, PVRL is a high grade B-cell malignancy of the retina and needs to be assorted from choroidal low-grade B-cell lymphomas. Very often PVRL masquerades and can be erroneously diagnosed as chronic uveitis, white dot syndromes or other neoplasms. Establishing an accurate diagnosis may involve cytology/pathology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, molecular pathology and cytokine profile analysis. There is inadequate information about PVRL's true incidence, ethnic/geographical variation and pathogenetic mechanisms. The therapeutic approach of PVRL involves aggressive chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although PVRL tends to have a good response to the initial treatment, the prognosis is poor and the survival restricted due to the high relapse rates and CNS involvement. © 2019 The Authors"
}