@article{3106842,
    title = "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017",
    author = "James, S.L. and Abate, D. and Abate, K.H. and Abay, S.M. and Abbafati, C. and Abbasi, N. and Abbastabar, H. and Abd-Allah, F. and Abdela, J. and Abdelalim, A. and Abdollahpour, I. and Abdulkader, R.S. and Abebe, Z. and Abera, S.F. and Abil, O.Z. and Abraha, H.N. and Abu-Raddad, L.J. and Abu-Rmeileh, N.M.E. and Accrombessi, M.M.K. and Acharya, D. and Acharya, P. and Ackerman, I.N. and Adamu, A.A. and Adebayo, O.M. and Adekanmbi, V. and Adetokunboh, O.O. and Adib, M.G. and Adsuar, J.C. and Afanvi, K.A. and Afarideh, M. and Afshin, A. and Agarwal, G. and Agesa, K.M. and Aggarwal, R. and Aghayan, S.A. and Agrawal, S. and Ahmadi, A. and Ahmadi, M. and Ahmadieh, H. and Ahmed, M.B. and Aichour, A.N. and Aichour, I. and Aichour, M.T.E. and Akinyemiju, T. and Akseer, N. and Al-Aly, Z. and Al-Eyadhy, A. and Al-Mekhlafi, H.M. and Al-Raddadi, R.M. and Alahdab, F. and Alam, K. and Alam, T. and Alashi, A. and Alavian, S.M. and Alene, K.A. and Alijanzadeh, M. and Alizadeh-Navaei, R. and Aljunid, S.M. and Alkerwi, A. and Alla, F. and Allebeck, P. and Alouani, M.M.L. and Altirkawi, K. and Alvis-Guzman, N. and Amare, A.T. and Aminde, L.N. and Ammar, W. and Amoako, Y.A. and Anber, N.H. and Andrei, C.L. and Androudi, S. and Animut, M.D. and Anjomshoa, M. and Ansha, M.G. and Antonio, C.A.T. and Anwari, P. and Arabloo, J. and Arauz, A. and Aremu, O. and Ariani, F. and Armoon, B. and Ärnlöv, J. and Arora, A. and Artaman, A. and Aryal, K.K. and Asayesh, H. and Asghar, R.J. and Ataro, Z. and Atre, S.R. and Ausloos, M. and Avila-Burgos, L. and Avokpaho, E.F.G.A. and Awasthi, A. and Ayala Quintanilla, B.P. and Ayer, R. and Azzopardi, P.S. and Babazadeh, A. and Badali, H. and Badawi, A. and Bali, A.G. and Ballesteros, K.E. and Ballew, S.H. and Banach, M. and Banoub, J.A.M. and Banstola, A. and Barac, A. and Barboza, M.A. and Barker-Collo, S.L. and Bärnighausen, T.W. and Barrero, L.H. and Baune, B.T. and Bazargan-Hejazi, S. and Bedi, N. and Beghi, E. and Behzadifar, M. and Behzadifar, M. and Béjot, Y. and Belachew, A.B. and Belay, Y.A. and Bell, M.L. and Bello, A.K. and Bensenor, I.M. and Bernabe, E. and Bernstein, R.S. and Beuran, M. and Beyranvand, T. and Bhala, N. and Bhattarai, S. and Bhaumik, S. and Bhutta, Z.A. and Biadgo, B. and Bijani, A. and Bikbov, B. and Bilano, V. and Bililign, N. and Bin Sayeed, M.S. and Bisanzio, D. and Blacker, B.F. and Blyth, F.M. and Bou-Orm, I.R. and Boufous, S. and Bourne, R. and Brady, O.J. and Brainin, M. and Brant, L.C. and Brazinova, A. and Breitborde, N.J.K. and Brenner, H. and Briant, P.S. and Briggs, A.M. and Briko, A.N. and Britton, G. and Brugha, T. and Buchbinder, R. and Busse, R. and Butt, Z.A. and Cahuana-Hurtado, L. and Cano, J. and Cárdenas, R. and Carrero, J.J. and Carter, A. and Carvalho, F. and Castañeda-Orjuela, C.A. and Castillo Rivas, J. and Castro, F. and Catalá-López, F. and Cercy, K.M. and Cerin, E. and Chaiah, Y. and Chang, A.R. and Chang, H.-Y. and Chang, J.-C. and Charlson, F.J. and Chattopadhyay, A. and Chattu, V.K. and Chaturvedi, P. and Chiang, P.P.-C. and Chin, K.L. and Chitheer, A. and Choi, J.-Y.J. and Chowdhury, R. and Christensen, H. and Christopher, D.J. and Cicuttini, F.M. and Ciobanu, L.G. and Cirillo, M. and Claro, R.M. and Collado-Mateo, D. and Cooper, C. and Coresh, J. and Cortesi, P.A. and Cortinovis, M. and Costa, M. and Cousin, E. and Criqui, M.H. and Cromwell, E.A. and Cross, M. and Crump, J.A. and Dadi, A.F. and Dandona, L. and Dandona, R. and Dargan, P.I. and Daryani, A. and Das Gupta, R. and Das Neves, J. and Dasa, T.T. and Davey, G. and Davis, A.C. and Davitoiu, D.V. and De Courten, B. and De La Hoz, F.P. and De Leo, D. and De Neve, J.-W. and Degefa, M.G. and Degenhardt, L. and Deiparine, S. and Dellavalle, R.P. and Demoz, G.T. and Deribe, K. and Dervenis, N. and Des Jarlais, D.C. and Dessie, G.A. and Dey, S. and Dharmaratne, S.D. and Dinberu, M.T. and Dirac, M.A. and Djalalinia, S. and Doan, L. and Dokova, K. and Doku, D.T. and Dorsey, E.R. and Doyle, K.E. and Driscoll, T.R. and Dubey, M. and Dubljanin, E. and Duken, E.E. and Duncan, B.B. and Duraes, A.R. and Ebrahimi, H. and Ebrahimpour, S. and Echko, M.M. and Edvardsson, D. and Effiong, A. and Ehrlich, J.R. and El Bcheraoui, C. and El Sayed Zaki, M. and El-Khatib, Z. and Elkout, H. and Elyazar, I.R.F. and Enayati, A. and Endries, A.Y. and Er, B. and Erskine, H.E. and Eshrati, B. and Eskandarieh, S. and Esteghamati, A. and Esteghamati, S. and Fakhim, H. and Fallah Omrani, V. and Faramarzi, M. and Fareed, M. and Farhadi, F. and Farid, T.A. and Farinha, C.S.E. and Farioli, A. and Faro, A. and Farvid, M.S. and Farzadfar, F. and Feigin, V.L. and Fentahun, N. and Fereshtehnejad, S.-M. and Fernandes, E. and Fernandes, J.C. and Ferrari, A.J. and Feyissa, G.T. and Filip, I. and Fischer, F. and Fitzmaurice, C. and Foigt, N.A. and Foreman, K.J. and Fox, J. and Frank, T.D. and Fukumoto, T. and Fullman, N. and Fürst, T. and Furtado, J.M. and Futran, N.D. and Gall, S. and Ganji, M. 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Vujcic, I.S. and Wagnew, F.S. and Waheed, Y. and Waller, S.G. and Wang, Y. and Wang, Y.-P. and Weiderpass, E. and Weintraub, R.G. and Weiss, D.J. and Weldegebreal, F. and Weldegwergs, K.G. and Werdecker, A. and West, T.E. and Whiteford, H.A. and Widecka, J. and Wijeratne, T. and Wilner, L.B. and Wilson, S. and Winkler, A.S. and Wiyeh, A.B. and Wiysonge, C.S. and Wolfe, C.D.A. and Woolf, A.D. and Wu, S. and Wu, Y.-C. and Wyper, G.M.A. and Xavier, D. and Xu, G. and Yadgir, S. and Yadollahpour, A. and Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S.H. and Yamada, T. and Yan, L.L. and Yano, Y. and Yaseri, M. and Yasin, Y.J. and Yeshaneh, A. and Yimer, E.M. and Yip, P. and Yisma, E. and Yonemoto, N. and Yoon, S.-J. and Yotebieng, M. and Younis, M.Z. and Yousefifard, M. and Yu, C. and Zadnik, V. and Zaidi, Z. and Zaman, S.B. and Zamani, M. and Zare, Z. and Zeleke, A.J. and Zenebe, Z.M. and Zhang, K. and Zhao, Z. and Zhou, M. and Zodpey, S. and Zucker, I. and Vos, T. and Murray, C.J.L. and GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators",
    journal = "The Lancet Neurology",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "392",
    number = "10159",
    pages = "1789-1858",
    publisher = "The Lancet Publishing Group",
    doi = "10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7",
    keywords = "Article;  Brazil;  cause of death;  China;  comorbidity;  disability;  disease severity;  disease surveillance;  global disease burden;  headache;  health insurance;  health survey;  hemoglobinopathy;  hemolytic anemia;  hospital admission;  human;  incidence;  India;  Iran;  iron deficiency;  Italy;  Japan;  Jordan;  low back pain;  medical record;  mortality rate;  mouth disease;  Nepal;  Norway;  outpatient;  prevalence;  priority journal;  remission;  sex ratio;  Singapore;  tuberculosis;  adolescent;  adult;  age distribution;  aged;  child;  disabled person;  female;  global health;  incidence;  infant;  injury;  life expectancy;  male;  middle aged;  morbidity;  mortality;  newborn;  preschool child;  prevalence;  socioeconomics;  statistics and numerical data;  trends;  very elderly;  young adult, Adolescent;  Adult;  Age Distribution;  Aged;  Aged, 80 and over;  Child;  Child, Preschool;  Disabled Persons;  Female;  Global Burden of Disease;  Global Health;  Humans;  Incidence;  Infant;  Infant, Newborn;  Life Expectancy;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Morbidity;  Prevalence;  Sex Distribution;  Socioeconomic Factors;  Wounds and Injuries;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs 1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license."
}