@article{3106856,
    title = "Gestational weight gain charts for different body mass index groups for women in Europe, North America, and Oceania",
    author = "Santos, S. and Eekhout, I. and Voerman, E. and Gaillard, R. and Barros, H. and Charles, M.-A. and Chatzi, L. and Chevrier, C. and Chrousos, G.P. and Corpeleijn, E. and Costet, N. and Crozier, S. and Doyon, M. and Eggesbø, M. and Fantini, M.P. and Farchi, S. and Forastiere, F. and Gagliardi, L. and Georgiu, V. and Godfrey, K.M. and Gori, D. and Grote, V. and Hanke, W. and Hertz-Picciotto, I. and Heude, B. and Hivert, M.-F. and Hryhorczuk, D. and Huang, R.-C. and Inskip, H. and Jusko, T.A. and Karvonen, A.M. and Koletzko, B. and Küpers, L.K. and Lagström, H. and Lawlor, D.A. and Lehmann, I. and Lopez-Espinosa, M.-J. and Magnus, P. and Majewska, R. and Mäkelä, J. and Manios, Y. and McDonald, S.W. and Mommers, M. and Morgen, C.S. and Moschonis, G. and Murínová, L. and Newnham, J. and Nohr, E.A. and Andersen, A.-M.N. and Oken, E. and Oostvogels, A.J.J.M. and Pac, A. and Papadopoulou, E. and Pekkanen, J. and Pizzi, C. and Polanska, K. and Porta, D. and Richiardi, L. and Rifas-Shiman, S.L. and Roeleveld, N. and Santa-Marina, L. and Santos, A.C. and Smit, H.A. and Sørensen, T.I.A. and Standl, M. and Stanislawski, M. and Stoltenberg, C. and Thiering, E. and Thijs, C. and Torrent, M. and Tough, S.C. and Trnovec, T. and Van Gelder, M.M.H.J. and Van Rossem, L. and Von Berg, A. and Vrijheid, M. and Vrijkotte, T.G.M. and Zvinchuk, O. and Van Buuren, S. and Jaddoe, V.W.V.",
    journal = "BMC Medicine",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "16",
    number = "1",
    publisher = "BioMed Central Ltd.",
    issn = "1741-7015",
    doi = "10.1186/s12916-018-1189-1",
    keywords = "Article;  body mass;  body weight;  cohort analysis;  controlled study;  Europe;  female;  gestational age;  gestational weight gain;  human;  major clinical study;  North America;  obesity;  Pacific islands;  pregnant woman;  underweight;  adult;  gestational weight gain;  physiology;  pregnancy;  pregnancy complication;  pregnancy outcome;  risk factor, Adult;  Body Mass Index;  Europe;  Female;  Gestational Weight Gain;  Humans;  North America;  Oceania;  Pregnancy;  Pregnancy Complications;  Pregnancy Outcome;  Risk Factors",
    abstract = "Background: Gestational weight gain differs according to pre-pregnancy body mass index and is related to the risks of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Gestational weight gain charts for women in different pre-pregnancy body mass index groups enable identification of women and offspring at risk for adverse health outcomes. We aimed to construct gestational weight gain reference charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2 and 3 obese women and to compare these charts with those obtained in women with uncomplicated term pregnancies. Methods: We used individual participant data from 218,216 pregnant women participating in 33 cohorts from Europe, North America, and Oceania. Of these women, 9065 (4.2%), 148,697 (68.1%), 42,678 (19.6%), 13,084 (6.0%), 3597 (1.6%), and 1095 (0.5%) were underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. A total of 138, 517 women from 26 cohorts had pregnancies with no hypertensive or diabetic disorders and with term deliveries of appropriate for gestational age at birth infants. Gestational weight gain charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grade 1, 2, and 3 obese women were derived by the Box-Cox t method using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape. Results: We observed that gestational weight gain strongly differed per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index group. The median (interquartile range) gestational weight gain at 40 weeks was 14.2 kg (11.4-17.4) for underweight women, 14.5 kg (11.5-17.7) for normal weight women, 13.9 kg (10.1-17.9) for overweight women, and 11.2 kg (7.0-15.7), 8.7 kg (4.3-13.4) and 6.3 kg (1.9-11.1) for grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. The rate of weight gain was lower in the first half than in the second half of pregnancy. No differences in the patterns of weight gain were observed between cohorts or countries. Similar weight gain patterns were observed in mothers without pregnancy complications. Conclusions: Gestational weight gain patterns are strongly related to pre-pregnancy body mass index. The derived charts can be used to assess gestational weight gain in etiological research and as a monitoring tool for weight gain during pregnancy in clinical practice. © 2018 The Author(s)."
}