@article{3108124,
    title = "Ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum-based therapy (RANGE): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial",
    author = "Petrylak, D.P. and de Wit, R. and Chi, K.N. and Drakaki, A. and Sternberg, C.N. and Nishiyama, H. and Castellano, D. and Hussain, S. and Fléchon, A. and Bamias, A. and Yu, E.Y. and van der Heijden, M.S. and Matsubara, N. and Alekseev, B. and Necchi, A. and Géczi, L. and Ou, Y.-C. and Coskun, H.S. and Su, W.-P. and Hegemann, M. and Percent, I.J. and Lee, J.-L. and Tucci, M. and Semenov, A. and Laestadius, F. and Peer, A. and Tortora, G. and Safina, S. and del Muro, X.G. and Rodriguez-Vida, A. and Cicin, I. and Harputluoglu, H. and Widau, R.C. and Liepa, A.M. and Walgren, R.A. and Hamid, O. and Zimmermann, A.H. and Bell-McGuinn, K.M. and Powles, T. and Wong, S.-L.S. and Tan, T.H. and Hovey, E.J. and Clay, T.D. and Ng, S.S.W. and Rutten, A. and Machiels, J.-P. and Dumez, H. and Cheng, S.Y.-S. and Ferrario, C. and Sengeloev, L. and Jensen, N.V. and Thibault, C. and Laguerre, B. and Joly, F. and Flechon, A. and Culine, S. and Becht, C. and Niegisch, G. and Stöckle, M. and Grimm, M.-O. and Gakis, G. and Schultze-Seemann, W. and Kalofonos, H. and Mavroudis, D. and Papandreou, C. and Karavasilis, V. and Révész, J. and Geczi, L. and Rosenbaum, E. and Leibowitz-Amit, R. and Kejzman, D. and Sarid, D. and Scagliotti, G.V. and Bracarda, S. and Massari, F. and Osawa, T. and Miyajima, N. and Shinohara, N. and Fukuta, F. and Ohyama, C. and Obara, W. and Yamashita, S. and Tomita, Y. and Kawai, K. and Fukasawa, S. and Oyama, M. and Yonese, J. and Nagata, M. and Uemura, M. and Nishimura, K. and Kawakita, M. and Tsunemori, H. and Hashine, K. and Inokuchi, J. and Yokomizo, A. and Nagamori, S. and Lee, H.J. and Park, S.H. and Rha, S.Y. and Kim, Y.J. and Lee, Y.-G. and Cortés, L.V. and Flores, C.L.U. and Blaisse, R.J.B. and Erdkamp, F.L.G. and Aarts, M.J.B. and Wojcik-Tomaszewska, J. and Tomczak, P. and Sikora-Kupis, B. and Schenker, M. and Herzal, A.A. and Udrea, A.A. and Karlov, P. and Fomkin, R. and Pulido, E.G. and Mignorance, J.I.D. and Gauna, D.C. and Rodríguez-Vida, A. and Su, Y.-L. and Lin, C.-L. and Lin, C.-C. and Yeh, S.-P. and Çiçin, I. and Erman, M. and Urun, Y. and Golovko, Y. and Bondarenko, I. and Sinielnikov, I. and Crabb, S. and Syndikus, I. and Huddart, R. and Sundar, S. and Chowdhury, S. and Sarwar, N. and Flaig, T. and Pan, C.X. and Schwarz, J. and Cultrera, J. and Hainsworth, J. and Herms, B. and Lawler, W. and Lowe, T. and Tagawa, S. and Aragon-Ching, J. and Vaishampayan, U.",
    journal = "The Lancet Neurology",
    year = "2017",
    volume = "390",
    number = "10109",
    pages = "2266-2277",
    publisher = "The Lancet Publishing Group",
    doi = "10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32365-6",
    keywords = "docetaxel;  ramucirumab;  antineoplastic agent;  docetaxel;  monoclonal antibody;  ramucirumab;  taxoid, adult;  aged;  alopecia;  anemia;  artery embolism;  Article;  asthenia;  cancer combination chemotherapy;  cancer size;  cancer survival;  congestive heart failure;  constipation;  controlled study;  decreased appetite;  diarrhea;  digestive system perforation;  disease severity;  double blind procedure;  drug efficacy;  drug safety;  drug withdrawal;  dysgeusia;  dyspnea;  epistaxis;  fatigue;  febrile neutropenia;  female;  fever;  fistula;  gastrointestinal hemorrhage;  hematuria;  human;  hypertension;  kidney failure;  leukopenia;  lung hemorrhage;  major clinical study;  male;  multicenter study;  multiple cycle treatment;  nausea;  neuropathy;  overall survival;  peripheral edema;  phase 3 clinical trial;  priority journal;  progression free survival;  proteinuria;  quality of life;  randomized controlled trial;  stomatitis;  thromboembolism;  transitional cell carcinoma;  treatment duration;  urinary tract infection;  vomiting;  bladder tumor;  cancer staging;  clinical trial;  comparative study;  disease free survival;  international cooperation;  Kaplan Meier method;  middle aged;  mortality;  neoadjuvant therapy;  pathology;  procedures;  prognosis;  proportional hazards model;  risk assessment;  survival analysis;  transitional cell carcinoma;  treatment outcome;  tumor invasion, Adult;  Aged;  Antibodies, Monoclonal;  Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols;  Carcinoma, Transitional Cell;  Disease-Free Survival;  Double-Blind Method;  Female;  Humans;  Internationality;  Kaplan-Meier Estimate;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Neoadjuvant Therapy;  Neoplasm Invasiveness;  Neoplasm Staging;  Prognosis;  Proportional Hazards Models;  Risk Assessment;  Survival Analysis;  Taxoids;  Treatment Outcome;  Urinary Bladder Neoplasms",
    abstract = "Background Few treatments with a distinct mechanism of action are available for patients with platinum-refractory advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. We assessed the efficacy and safety of treatment with docetaxel plus either ramucirumab—a human IgG1 VEGFR-2 antagonist—or placebo in this patient population. Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who progressed during or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients were enrolled from 124 sites in 23 countries. Previous treatment with one immune-checkpoint inhibitor was permitted. Patients were randomised (1:1) using an interactive web response system to receive intravenous docetaxel 75 mg/m2 plus either intravenous ramucirumab 10 mg/kg or matching placebo on day 1 of repeating 21-day cycles, until disease progression or other discontinuation criteria were met. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival, analysed by intention-to-treat in the first 437 randomised patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02426125. Findings Between July, 2015, and April, 2017, 530 patients were randomly allocated either ramucirumab plus docetaxel (n=263) or placebo plus docetaxel (n=267). Progression-free survival was prolonged significantly in patients allocated ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel (median 4·07 months [95% CI 2·96–4·47] vs 2·76 months [2·60–2·96]; hazard ratio [HR] 0·757, 95% CI 0·607–0·943; p=0·0118). A blinded independent central analysis was consistent with these results. An objective response was achieved by 53 (24·5%, 95% CI 18·8–30·3) of 216 patients allocated ramucirumab and 31 (14·0%, 9·4–18·6) of 221 assigned placebo. The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of causality, in either treatment group (any grade) were fatigue, alopecia, diarrhoea, decreased appetite, and nausea. These events occurred predominantly at grade 1–2 severity. The frequency of grade 3 or worse adverse events was similar for patients allocated ramucirumab and placebo (156 [60%] of 258 vs 163 [62%] of 265 had an adverse event), with no unexpected toxic effects. 63 (24%) of 258 patients allocated ramucirumab and 54 (20%) of 265 assigned placebo had a serious adverse event that was judged by the investigator to be related to treatment. 38 (15%) of 258 patients allocated ramucirumab and 43 (16%) of 265 assigned placebo died on treatment or within 30 days of discontinuation, of which eight (3%) and five (2%) deaths were deemed related to treatment by the investigator. Sepsis was the most common adverse event leading to death on treatment (four [2%] vs none [0%]). One fatal event of neutropenic sepsis was reported in a patient allocated ramucirumab. Interpretation To the best of our knowledge, ramucirumab plus docetaxel is the first regimen in a phase 3 study to show superior progression-free survival over chemotherapy in patients with platinum-refractory advanced urothelial carcinoma. These data validate inhibition of VEGFR-2 signalling as a potential new therapeutic treatment option for patients with urothelial carcinoma. Funding Eli Lilly and Company. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd"
}