@article{3110686,
    title = "Methods of safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy for left-sided (sinistroposition) gallbladder: A report of two cases and a review of safe techniques",
    author = "Nastos, C. and Vezakis, A. and Papaconstantinou, I. and Theodosopoulos, T. and Koutoulidis, V. and Polymeneas, G.",
    journal = "International Journal of Surgery Case Reports",
    year = "2014",
    volume = "5",
    number = "10",
    pages = "769-773",
    publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
    issn = "2210-2612",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.08.018",
    keywords = "Article;  case report;  cholecystectomy;  cholelithiasis;  cystic duct;  echography;  gallbladder disease;  human;  laparoscopic surgery;  skin incision;  surgical technique",
    abstract = "INTRODUCTION: Left-sided gallbladder is a rare anatomical variation. Usually it is discovered intra-operatively and is accompanied by anatomic variations that can prove quite challenging during laparoscopy. PRESENTATION OF CASE: From a total of almost 3000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in our institution, two cases of left sided gallbladder were unexpectantly identified intraoperatively. There were no indications for the ectopy preoperatively. In both cases modifications of the standard laparoscopic technique were mandatory. They were performed safely with no post-operative complications. Modifications consisted of transposition of the subxiphoid entry port and alteration in the direction of traction of the rest of the graspers. A review of the literature for methods of safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy was conducted. DISCUSSION: The surgeon must be aware of the anatomic variances in the rare occasion of a left sided gallbladder, since preoperative diagnosis is very difficult. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of potential hazards and modifications of laparoscopic technique is mandatory in order to avoid complications. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Surgical Associates Ltd."
}