@article{3111632,
    title = "The development of a simple questionnaire to screen patients with SLE for the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in routine clinical practice",
    author = "Mosca, M. and Govoni, M. and Tomietto, P. and Aringer, M. and Boumpas, D. and Cervera, R. and Conti, F. and D'Cruz, D. and Doria, A. and De La Fuente, D. and Galeazzi, M. and Houssiau, F. and Huizinga, T. and Khamashta, M.A. and Ines, L. and Duarte, C. and Couto, M. and Meroni, P. and Montecucco, C. and Norkuviene, E. and Riemekasten, G. and Rios, V. and Schneider, M. and Shoenfeld, Y. and Steup-Beekman, G.M. and Szmyrka-Kaczmarek, M. and Tani, C. and Tincani, A. and Tzioufas, A.G. and Voll, R. and Bencivelli, W. and Salaffi, F. and Bombardieri, S.",
    journal = "Lupus Science and Medicine",
    year = "2011",
    volume = "20",
    number = "5",
    pages = "485-492",
    doi = "10.1177/0961203310389097",
    keywords = "area under the curve;  article;  clinical practice;  Delphi study;  human;  major clinical study;  mental disease;  neurologic disease;  patient identification;  physician;  priority journal;  questionnaire;  receiver operating characteristic;  scoring system;  screening test;  sensitivity and specificity;  symptomatology;  systemic lupus erythematosus, Area Under Curve;  Delphi Technique;  Humans;  Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System;  Questionnaires;  ROC Curve",
    abstract = "Aim: The creation of a physician-administered questionnaire to screen patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) for the presence of symptoms suggestive of neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE). Methods: The development of the questionnaire followed three phases. First, a list of manifestations was prepared based on the ACR case definitions for NPSLE. A first questionnaire was constructed including 119 items. To reduce their number, a Delphi analysis was carried out and a second questionnaire with 62 questions was developed. This questionnaire was administered to 139 patients with SLE (58 with NPSLE: 29 active, 29 inactive; and 81 without NPSLE: 39 active, 42 inactive). Questions relevant to the screening of patients were selected on the basis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Twenty-seven questions concerning central nervous system and psychiatric manifestations were found to be relevant; the remaining could be eliminated without significantly affecting AUC. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.69 (95% CI 0.61-0.78). A score above 17 was considered as suggestive of the presence of NPSLE with a sensitivity of 92.9% (95% CI 85.1-97.3 %) and specificity of 25.4% (95% CI 14.7-39.00 %). Conclusions: This questionnaire could represent a 'core set' of questions that could help in clinical practice to identify patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms requiring further evaluation. © The Author(s), 2011."
}