@article{3117773,
    title = "Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate
cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition study",
    author = "Key, Timothy J. and Appleby, Paul N. and Allen, Naomi E. and Travis, and Ruth C. and Roddam, Andrew W. and Jenab, Mazda and Egevad, Lars and and Tionneland, Anne and Johnsen, Nina F. and Overvad, Kim and Linseisen, and Jakob and Rohrmann, Sabine and Boeing, Heiner and Pischon, Tobias and and Psaltopoulou, Theodora and Trichopoulou, Antonia and Trichopoulos, and Dimitrios and Palli, Domenico and Vineis, Paolo and Tumino, Rosario and and Berrino, Franco and Kiemeney, Lambertus and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. Bas and and Quiros, J. Ramon and Gonzalez, Carlos A. and Martinez, Carmen and and Larranaga, Nerea and Chirlaque, Maria Dolores and Ardanaz, Eva and and Stattin, Paer and Hallmans, Goeran and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Bingham, Sheila and and Slimani, Nadia and Ferrari, Pietro and Rinaldi, Sabina and Riboli, and Elio",
    journal = "AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION",
    year = "2007",
    volume = "86",
    number = "3",
    pages = "672-681",
    publisher = "AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN",
    issn = "0002-9165",
    doi = "10.1093/ajcn/86.3.672",
    keywords = "carotenoids; retinol; tocopherols; lycopene; prostate cancer; nested
case-control study",
    abstract = "Background: Previous studies suggest that high plasma concentrations of
carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may reduce the risk of prostate
cancer.
Objective: We aimed to examine the associations between plasma
concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, a-tocopherol,
and,gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk.
Design: A total of 137 001 men in 8 European countries participated.
After a mean of 6 y, 966 incident cases of prostate cancer with plasma
were available. A total of 1064 control subjects were selected and were
matched for study center, age, and date of recruitment. The relative
risk of prostate cancer was estimated by conditional logistic
regression, which was adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body
mass index, marital status, physical activity, and education level.
Results: Overall, none of the micronutrients examined were significantly
associated with prostate cancer risk. For lycopene and the sum of
carotenoids, there was evidence of heterogeneity between the
associations with risks of localized and advanced disease. These
carotenoids were not associated with the risk of localized disease but
were inversely associated with the risk of advanced disease. The risk of
advanced disease for men in the highest fifth of plasma concentrations
compared with men in the lowest fifth was 0.40 (95% CI: 0. 19, 0.88)
for lycopene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0. 17, 0.78) for the sum of carotenoids.
Conclusions: We observed no associations between plasma concentrations
of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer
risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids
with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect, an
association of dietary choice with delayed detection of prostate cancer,
reverse causality, or other factors."
}