@article{3118561,
    title = "Obesity, inflammation, and heart failure: links and misconceptions",
    author = "Triposkiadis, F. and Xanthopoulos, A. and Starling, R.C. and Iliodromitis, E.",
    journal = "Heart Failure Reviews",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "27",
    number = "2",
    pages = "407-418",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    issn = "1382-4147",
    doi = "10.1007/s10741-021-10103-y",
    keywords = "canakinumab, all cause mortality;  body mass;  cachexia;  cardiovascular magnetic resonance;  cardiovascular mortality;  fat free mass;  fat mass;  heart failure;  heart failure with mid-range reduced ejection fraction;  heart failure with mid-range reduced ejection fraction;  heart failure with preserved ejection fraction;  heart failure with reduced ejection fraction;  heart ventricle remodeling;  human;  inflammation;  lean body weight;  obesity;  prevalence;  Review;  two dimensional echocardiography;  waist circumference;  waist hip ratio",
    abstract = "Obesity has been linked with heart failure (HF) with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (HFpEF). This link has been attributed to obesity-induced metabolic and inflammatory disturbances leading to HFpEF. However, HF is a syndrome in which disease evolvement is associated with a dynamic unraveling of functional and structural changes leading to unique disease trajectories, creating a spectrum of phenotypes with overlapping distinct characteristics extending beyond the LV ejection fraction (LVEF). In this regard, despite quantitative differences between the two extremes (HFpEF and HF with reduced LVEF, HFrEF), there is important overlap between the phenotypes along the entire spectrum. In this paper, we describe the systemic pro-inflammatory state that is present throughout the HF spectrum and emphasize that obesity intertwines with HF beyond the LVEF construct. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature."
}