@article{3118629,
    title = "Venous thromboembolism after esophagectomy for cancer: a systematic review of the literature to evaluate incidence, risk factors, and prophylaxis",
    author = "Theochari, N.A. and Theochari, C.A. and Kokkinidis, D.G. and Kechagias, A. and Lyros, O. and Giannopoulos, S. and Mantziari, S. and Schizas, D.",
    journal = "Cataract & Refractive Surgery Today",
    year = "2022",
    volume = "52",
    number = "2",
    pages = "171-181",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    doi = "10.1007/s00595-021-02260-2",
    keywords = "adverse event;  aged;  esophagus resection;  esophagus tumor;  female;  human;  incidence;  male;  middle aged;  postoperative complication;  risk factor;  venous thromboembolism, Aged;  Esophageal Neoplasms;  Esophagectomy;  Female;  Humans;  Incidence;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Postoperative Complications;  Risk Factors;  Venous Thromboembolism",
    abstract = "Purpose: Although esophagectomy remains the preferred treatment for esophageal cancer, it is still associated with a number of complications, including post-operative venous thromboembolism (VTE). The aim of this study was to summarize the reported incidence of VTE after esophagectomy, its risk factors, and prevention strategies. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria and were selected in the present review. Overall, we identified 9768 patients who underwent esophagectomy, with a post-operative VTE rate of 4% (440 patients). The reported risk factors for VTE included advanced age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class III or IV, a history of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, and the implementation of preoperative chemo-radiotherapy. Postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome was also associated with VTE. No universally applied prevention strategies for VTE after esophagectomy were identified in the literature. Conclusions: Despite advances in perioperative care, VTE after esophagectomy still represents a source of morbidity for about 4% of patients. Low molecular weight heparin is suggested as the routine standard prophylactic regimen after esophageal cancer surgery. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd."
}