@article{3120558,
    title = "Novel anticancer therapy in BCG unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer",
    author = "Moussa, M. and Papatsoris, A.G. and Dellis, A. and Abou Chakra, M. and Saad, W.",
    journal = "Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy",
    year = "2020",
    volume = "20",
    number = "11",
    pages = "965-983",
    publisher = "Taylor and Francis Ltd.",
    issn = "1473-7140, 1744-8328",
    doi = "10.1080/14737140.2020.1822743",
    keywords = "abi 009;  adenovirus vector;  alpha interferon;  alpha2b interferon;  alt 801;  antineoplastic agent;  atezolizumab;  avelumab;  BCG vaccine;  celecoxib;  cisplatin;  docetaxel;  dovitinib;  doxorubicin;  durvalumab;  epacadostat;  everolimus;  falimarev;  gemcitabine;  inbakicept;  indoximod;  linrodostat;  mf 63;  mitomycin;  Mycobacterium phlei cell wall nucleic acid;  navoximod;  nivolumab;  oportuzumab monatox;  paclitaxel;  pembrolizumab;  rapamycin;  unclassified drug;  valrubicin;  BCG vaccine, antineoplastic activity;  cancer chemotherapy;  cancer combination chemotherapy;  cancer gene therapy;  cancer growth;  cancer immunotherapy;  cancer prognosis;  cancer therapy;  chemohyperthermia;  chemoradiotherapy;  conductive hyperthermic chemotherapy;  disease free survival;  drug approval;  drug efficacy;  drug safety;  drug tolerability;  external beam radiotherapy;  high risk population;  human;  intermediate risk population;  low risk population;  maintenance therapy;  molecularly targeted therapy;  monotherapy;  multiple cycle treatment;  Mycobacterium;  Mycobacterium brumae;  Mycobacterium phlei;  non muscle invasive bladder cancer;  overall survival;  photodynamic therapy;  progression free survival;  radiofrequency induced thermochemotherapeutic effect;  recurrence free survival;  recurrence risk;  remission;  Review;  survival rate;  survival time;  transitional cell carcinoma;  treatment failure;  treatment indication;  treatment response;  tumor recurrence;  animal;  bladder tumor;  cystectomy;  gene therapy;  immunotherapy;  intravesical drug administration;  pathology;  procedures;  prognosis, Administration, Intravesical;  Animals;  BCG Vaccine;  Cystectomy;  Genetic Therapy;  Humans;  Immunotherapy;  Prognosis;  Urinary Bladder Neoplasms",
    abstract = "Introduction: Many patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) failed intravesical BCG therapy. Currently, radical cystectomy is the recommended standard of care for those patients. There is unfortunately no effective other second-line therapy recommended. Areas covered: In this review, we present the topics of BCG unresponsive NMIBC; definition, prognosis, and further treatment options: immunotherapy, intravesical chemotherapy, gene therapy, and targeted individualized therapy. Expert opinion: There are major challenges of the management of NMIBC who failed BCG therapy as many patients refuse or are unfit for radical cystectomy. Multiple new modalities currently under investigation in ongoing clinical trials to better treat this category of patients. Immunotherapy, especially PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, offers exciting and potentially effective strategies for the treatment of BCG unresponsive NMIBC. As the data expands, it is sure that soon there will be established new guidelines for NMIBC. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group."
}