@article{3121881,
    title = "Bartonella henselae- and quintana-associated uveitis: a case series and approach of a potentially severe disease with a broad spectrum of ocular manifestations",
    author = "Kalogeropoulos, D. and Asproudis, I. and Stefaniotou, M. and Moschos, M.M. and Mentis, A. and Malamos, K. and Kalogeropoulos, C.",
    journal = "International Ophthalmology",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "39",
    number = "11",
    pages = "2505-2515",
    publisher = "SPRINGER NETHERLANDS",
    issn = "0165-5701",
    doi = "10.1007/s10792-019-01096-7",
    keywords = "azithromycin;  ceftriaxone;  ciprofloxacin;  doxycycline;  immunoglobulin G;  methylprednisolone;  rifampicin, adult;  aged;  Article;  Bartonella henselae;  Bartonella quintana;  case study;  cat;  cat scratch disease;  child;  chorioretinitis;  choroid disease;  clinical article;  clinical assessment;  clinical feature;  disease severity;  eye infection;  female;  granuloma;  Greece;  human;  iridocyclitis;  male;  medical record;  middle aged;  nonhuman;  retinitis;  retrospective study;  school child;  treatment response;  trench fever;  university;  uveitis;  vasculitis;  visual acuity;  young adult;  adolescent;  bacterial eye infection;  cat scratch disease;  choroid;  differential diagnosis;  eye fundus;  fluorescence angiography;  follow up;  isolation and purification;  microbiology;  optic disk;  optical coherence tomography;  pathology;  retina;  severity of illness index;  time factor;  trench fever;  uveitis, Adolescent;  Adult;  Aged;  Bartonella henselae;  Bartonella quintana;  Cat-Scratch Disease;  Child;  Choroid;  Diagnosis, Differential;  Eye Infections, Bacterial;  Female;  Fluorescein Angiography;  Follow-Up Studies;  Fundus Oculi;  Humans;  Male;  Middle Aged;  Optic Disk;  Retina;  Retrospective Studies;  Severity of Illness Index;  Time Factors;  Tomography, Optical Coherence;  Trench Fever;  Uveitis;  Young Adult",
    abstract = "Purpose: To evaluate the clinical manifestations of intraocular inflammation associated with Bartonella infection and describe the assessment and management of patients with cat-scratch disease (CSD). Methods: This is a retrospective review of the clinical records of patients diagnosed with Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana intraocular inflammation from 2011 to 2018 in the Department of Ocular Inflammations and Infections of the University Eye Clinic of Ioannina (Greece). An analysis of the current literature concerning Bartonella-related intraocular infections was also carried out. Results: This is a retrospective study of 13 patients (7 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 39.2 years that were diagnosed with unilateral intraocular inflammation, except one case with bilateral affection, attributed to Bartonella (either henselae or quintana). Twelve (12) patients (92.3%) had a positive history of traumatic cat contact. The main ocular clinical findings with regard to the type of uveitis included neuroretinitis in 5 eyes (38.5%), vasculitis in 3 eyes (23.1%), iridocyclitis in 2 eyes (15.4%), intermediate uveitis in 2 eyes (15.4%), posterior uveitis in 1 eye (7.7%), panuveitis in 2 eyes (15.4%), retinochoroiditis in 2 eyes (15.4%), vitritis in 1 eye (7.7%), peripheral choroidal granuloma in 1 eye (7.7%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G was positive in all cases. All patients were treated with antibiotics (mainly rifampicin, doxycycline and azithromycin). The visual acuity was noted to be improved in all patients after treatment, but some of them experienced disturbing complications. Conclusion: CSD may manifest with various ocular pathological findings. Taking into consideration the increasing frequency of infections by B. henselae and B. quintana, clinicians should always incorporate CSD in the differential diagnosis of such presentations of uveitis. Educating vulnerable groups (children, immunosuppressed, etc.) and also general population, the appropriate preventing measures can contribute in limiting the risk of infection. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V."
}