@article{3122721,
    title = "Ovarian yolk sac tumor (YST) in a postmenopausal patient: Case report and review of the literature",
    author = "Stasinopoulou, S. and Vakas, P. and Gioti, E. and Politi, A. and Tsagkas, A. and Papadimitriou, C. and Bournakis, E. and Carvounis, E.",
    journal = "European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "40",
    number = "4",
    pages = "656-662",
    publisher = "S.O.G. CANADA Inc.",
    issn = "0392-2936",
    doi = "10.12892/ejgo4795.2019",
    keywords = "bleomycin;  chorionic gonadotropin;  cisplatin;  etoposide;  lactate dehydrogenase, aged;  ascites fluid analysis;  blood examination;  cancer combination chemotherapy;  cancer prognosis;  case report;  clinical article;  computer assisted tomography;  cytology;  differential diagnosis;  dilatation and curettage;  echography;  endometrium carcinoma;  endometrium polyp;  female;  human;  immunohistochemistry;  laparotomy;  metastasis;  microscopy;  ovary carcinoma;  ovary tumor;  peritoneal biopsy;  postmenopause;  Review;  salpingooophorectomy;  vagina bleeding;  yolk sac tumor",
    abstract = "Purpose: Report of one case of ovarian yolk sac tumor (YST) in a postmenopausal patient and review of the literature. Materials and Methods: The case the authors present is of a 77-year-old woman with ovarian YST along with a serous carcinoma and an endometriotic cyst component. They also review and summarize the findings of already reported cases. Results: Sixty cases of ovarian YSTs in postmenopausal patients have been described from 1976 to 2017, including the 23 found in the literature (PubMed and Elsevier) and the one reported in this article. The introduction of bleomycin/ etoposide/ cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy for malignant germ cell tumors has improved outcomes in premenopausal women, but it does not have a similar impact on postmenopausal patients. Conclusions: The outcome for postmenopausal patients remains poor, even for those presenting with early stage disease or with pure YST. Further research is required to determine the pathogenesis and plan an effective therapy for this age group. © 2019 S.O.G. CANADA Inc.. All rights reserved."
}