@article{3122807,
    title = "Angioid Streaks: A comprehensive review from pathophysiology to treatment",
    author = "Chatziralli, I. and Saitakis, G. and Dimitriou, E. and Chatzirallis, A. and Stoungioti, S. and Theodossiadis, G. and Theodossiadis, P.",
    journal = "Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)",
    year = "2019",
    volume = "39",
    number = "1",
    pages = "1-11",
    publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
    doi = "10.1097/IAE.0000000000002327",
    keywords = "aflibercept;  bevacizumab;  ranibizumab;  verteporfin;  angiogenesis inhibitor, angioid streak;  autofluorescence imaging;  Bruch membrane;  clinical feature;  collagen disease;  comorbidity;  Ehlers Danlos syndrome;  genetics;  hemoglobinopathy;  histopathology;  human;  indocyanine green angiography;  inheritance;  laser coagulation;  optical coherence tomography;  pathophysiology;  photodynamic therapy;  pseudoxanthoma elasticum;  retina fluorescein angiography;  retinography;  Review;  subretinal neovascularization;  transpupillary thermotherapy;  visual impairment;  angioid streak;  eye fundus;  fluorescence angiography;  global health;  incidence;  pathology;  photochemotherapy;  procedures;  retina;  visual acuity, Angiogenesis Inhibitors;  Angioid Streaks;  Fluorescein Angiography;  Fundus Oculi;  Global Health;  Humans;  Incidence;  Photochemotherapy;  Retina;  Tomography, Optical Coherence;  Visual Acuity",
    abstract = "Purpose:To stratify the literature on angioid streaks, from pathophysiology to treatment.Methods:Review of the current literature.Results:Angioid streaks are crack-like dehiscences of Bruch membrane, which may coexist with systemic diseases, such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget disease, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hemoglobinopathies, or other diseases of the collagen. Various diagnostic methods, including infrared and red-free retinography, autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography, are useful to diagnose, evaluate, and monitor angioid streaks. Choroidal neovascularization consists of a major complication of angioid streaks leading to visual impairment. Therefore, observation could not be a treatment option. Photodynamic treatment or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents have been used for the treatment of angioid streaks, offering promising but short-term results. Currently, the available treatment may limit the disease, but not permanently inactivate it.Conclusion:This review discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of angioid streaks, presenting the existing literature on this topic. © 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry. All rights reserved."
}