@article{3122853,
    title = "Noggin levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the effect of vitamin E treatment",
    author = "Polyzos, S.A. and Kountouras, J. and Anastasilakis, A.D. and Makras, P. and Hawa, G. and Sonnleitner, L. and Missbichler, A. and Doulberis, M. and Katsinelos, P. and Terpos, E.",
    journal = "Vitamins and Hormones",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "17",
    number = "4",
    pages = "573-579",
    publisher = "Springer-Verlag",
    doi = "10.1007/s42000-018-0083-8",
    keywords = "alpha tocopherol;  noggin;  spironolactone;  alpha tocopherol;  carrier protein;  mineralocorticoid antagonist;  noggin protein;  spironolactone, Article;  body mass;  case control study;  clinical article;  combination chemotherapy;  controlled study;  drug efficacy;  homeostasis model assessment;  human;  monotherapy;  nonalcoholic fatty liver;  outcome assessment;  protein blood level;  randomized controlled trial;  waist circumference;  blood;  combination drug therapy;  drug effect;  nonalcoholic fatty liver, Carrier Proteins;  Case-Control Studies;  Drug Therapy, Combination;  Humans;  Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists;  Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease;  Spironolactone;  Vitamin E",
    abstract = "Aim: The evaluation of (a) noggin levels in patients with simple steatosis (SS) vs. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) vs. controls, and (b) the effect of combined spironolactone plus vitamin E vs. vitamin E monotherapy on noggin levels in biopsy-proven patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: In the case-control study, 15 patients with SS, 16 with NASH, and 24 controls were included. In the randomized controlled trial, NAFLD patients were assigned to vitamin E (400 IU/d) or spironolactone (25 mg/d) plus vitamin E for 52 weeks. Results: Noggin levels were lower in SS (5.8 ± 1.5 pmol/l) and NASH (8.7 ± 2.4 pmol/l) patients than in controls (13.7 ± 2.7 pmol/l; p for trend = 0.040), but were similar in SS and NASH patients. After adjustment for potential cofounders, log(noggin) remained different between groups. Log(noggin) levels similarly increased post-treatment in both groups: log(noggin) was not different between groups (p = 0.20), but increased within groups over time (p < 0.001), without a significant group × time interaction (p = 0.62). Log(noggin) significantly increased at month 2 post-treatment (p = 0.008 vs. baseline) and remained stable thereafter. Conclusions: Lower noggin levels were observed in NAFLD patients than in controls. Noggin levels increased similarly by either combined low-dose spironolactone plus vitamin E or vitamin E monotherapy. Trial registration: NCT01147523. © 2018, Hellenic Endocrine Society."
}