@article{3122867,
    title = "The influence of treatment, age at onset, and metabolic control on height in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes—A SWEET collaborative study",
    author = "Svensson, J. and Schwandt, A. and Pacaud, D. and Beltrand, J. and Birkebæk, N.H. and Cardona-Hernandez, R. and Casteels, K. and Castro, S. and Cherubini, V. and Cody, D. and Fisch, N. and Hasnani, D. and Kordonouri, O. and Kosteria, I. and Luczay, A. and Pundziute-Lyckå, A. and Maffeis, C. and Piccini, B. and Luxmi, P. and Sumnik, Z. and de Beaufort, C.",
    journal = "Pediatric Diabetes",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "19",
    number = "8",
    pages = "1441-1450",
    publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
    issn = "1399-543X, 1399-5448",
    doi = "10.1111/pedi.12751",
    keywords = "hemoglobin A1c;  insulin;  glycosylated hemoglobin;  insulin, adolescent;  adolescent health;  adult;  Article;  body height;  body mass;  child;  cross-sectional study;  disease association;  disease duration;  female;  groups by age;  hemoglobin blood level;  human;  insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  intermethod comparison;  major clinical study;  male;  metabolic regulation;  onset age;  preschool child;  priority journal;  school child;  treatment outcome;  young adult;  child development;  clinical trial;  community care;  cooperation;  drug effect;  factual database;  glucose blood level;  insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  insulin infusion;  international cooperation;  metabolism;  multicenter study;  onset age;  organization and management;  physiology, Adolescent;  Age of Onset;  Blood Glucose;  Body Height;  Child;  Child Development;  Community Networks;  Cooperative Behavior;  Cross-Sectional Studies;  Databases, Factual;  Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1;  Female;  Glycated Hemoglobin A;  Humans;  Insulin;  Insulin Infusion Systems;  International Cooperation;  Male",
    abstract = "Objective: To describe the association between height, demographics, and treatment in youths with type 1 diabetes participating in an international network for pediatric diabetes centers (SWEET). Methods: Data were collected from 55 centers with documented patients' height. All subjects below 20 years of age, diabetes duration >1 year, and without celiac disease were included. World Health Organization growth charts were used to calculate height and body mass index z-scores. Multiple hierarchic regression models adjusting for known confounders were applied. Results: Data on 22 941 subjects (51.8% male) were analyzed with a median and interquartile range for age 14.8 years (11.2, 17.6), diabetes duration 5.6 years (3.1, 8.9), and height z-score 0.34 (−0.37, 1.03). Children were taller in the youngest age groups: adjusted height z-scores of 0.31 (±0.06) and 0.39 (±0.06), respectively; with shorter diabetes duration (<2 years: 0.36 [±0.06]; 2-<5 years: 0.34 [±0.06]; ≥5 years: 0.21 [±0.06]) and if they were pump users: 0.35 ± 0.05 vs 0.25 ± 0.05 (>three injections/day and 0.19 ± 0.06 [0-3 injections daily]), respectively. High hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and low to normal weight were associated with a lower height z-score. Trends were identical in all models except for gender. No gender differences were found except in the final height model where females exhibited higher z-score than males. Conclusion: For youths treated at centers offering modern diabetes management, major growth disturbances are virtually eliminated. For children with a young age at onset, high HbA1c, injections, and/or non-intensive diabetes, treatment still requires attention in order to attain normal growth. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd"
}