@article{3123455,
    title = "Interrelationship between diabetes mellitus and heart failure: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in left ventricle performance",
    author = "Oikonomou, E. and Mourouzis, K. and Fountoulakis, P. and Papamikroulis, G.A. and Siasos, G. and Antonopoulos, A. and Vogiatzi, G. and Tsalamadris, S. and Vavuranakis, M. and Tousoulis, D.",
    journal = "Heart Failure Reviews",
    year = "2018",
    volume = "23",
    number = "3",
    pages = "389-408",
    publisher = "Springer New York LLC",
    issn = "1382-4147",
    doi = "10.1007/s10741-018-9682-3",
    keywords = "15 deoxy prostaglandin;  2 [4 [2 [3 cyclohexyl 1 (4 cyclohexylbutyl)ureido]ethyl]phenylthio] 2 methylpropionic acid;  2,4 thiazolidinedione derivative;  advanced glycation end product;  antidiabetic agent;  ave 8134;  calcium;  cardiovascular agent;  carvedilol;  fatty acid;  fenofibrate;  furosemide;  mpt 0 e 014;  nebivolol;  peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonist;  peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma;  pioglitazone;  pirinixic acid;  placebo;  proteasome;  rosiglitazone;  tetradecylthioacetic acid;  thioacetic acid;  troglitazone;  unclassified drug;  zinc;  peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, autophagy;  diabetes mellitus;  diastole;  disease association;  drug effect;  fatty acid metabolism;  heart failure;  heart function;  heart left ventricle failure;  heart left ventricle performance;  heart muscle fibrosis;  heart ventricle hypertrophy;  heart ventricle remodeling;  human;  left ventricular diastolic dysfunction;  nonhuman;  pathophysiology;  protein function;  Review;  stress;  systole;  blood;  complication;  heart failure;  heart left ventricle function;  heart ventricle;  insulin resistance;  lipid metabolism;  metabolism;  non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus;  pathophysiology;  physiology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2;  Heart Failure;  Heart Ventricles;  Humans;  Insulin Resistance;  Lipid Metabolism;  Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors;  Ventricular Function, Left",
    abstract = "Heart failure (HF) is a common cardiac syndrome, whose pathophysiology involves complex mechanisms, some of which remain unknown. Diabetes mellitus (DM) constitutes not only a glucose metabolic disorder accompanied by insulin resistance but also a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and HF. During the last years though emerging data set up, a bidirectional interrelationship between these two entities. In the case of DM impaired calcium homeostasis, free fatty acid metabolism, redox state, and advance glycation end products may accelerate cardiac dysfunction. On the other hand, when HF exists, hypoperfusion of the liver and pancreas, b-blocker and diuretic treatment, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction may cause impairment of glucose metabolism. These molecular pathways may be used as therapeutic targets for novel antidiabetic agents. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) not only improve insulin resistance and glucose and lipid metabolism but also manifest a diversity of actions directly or indirectly associated with systolic or diastolic performance of left ventricle and symptoms of HF. Interestingly, they may beneficially affect remodeling of the left ventricle, fibrosis, and diastolic performance but they may cause impaired water handing, sodium retention, and decompensation of HF which should be taken into consideration in the management of patients with DM. In this review article, we present the pathophysiological data linking HF with DM and we focus on the molecular mechanisms of PPARs agonists in left ventricle systolic and diastolic performance providing useful insights in the molecular mechanism of this class of metabolically active regiments. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature."
}