@article{3130281,
    title = "Malignant progression of a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma in a child",
    author = "Alexiou, G.A. and Moschovi, M. and Stefanaki, K. and Prodromou, C. and Sfakianos, G. and Prodromou, N.",
    journal = "Neuropediatrics",
    year = "2010",
    volume = "41",
    number = "2",
    pages = "69-71",
    issn = "0174-304X, 1439-1899",
    doi = "10.1055/s-0030-1255094",
    keywords = "temozolomide, anamnesis;  article;  brain cancer;  cancer chemotherapy;  cancer radiotherapy;  case report;  child;  clinical feature;  computer assisted tomography;  craniotomy;  disease course;  follow up;  glioblastoma;  histopathology;  human;  human tissue;  male;  nuclear magnetic resonance imaging;  pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma;  preschool child;  priority journal;  tumor recurrence, Astrocytoma;  Brain Neoplasms;  Child, Preschool;  Disease Progression;  Gadolinium;  Glioblastoma;  Humans;  Magnetic Resonance Imaging;  Male;  Tomography, X-Ray Computed",
    abstract = "Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a recently recognized rare cerebral neoplasm that predominately affects young patients. We report on the case of a 3-year-old boy who presented with a 2-week history of headaches and seizures. Radiological investigation revealed a lesion in the right parietal-occipital lobe. The lesion was excised and histology disclosed the presence of a PXA with anaplastic features. 1 year later follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed tumor relapse. An MRI of the spine was also performed and demonstrated leptomeningeal dissemination. The patient underwent a second operation. Histology revealed that the presence of a malignant PXA with anaplastic features. The patient received radiotherapy and 9 months later on follow-up MRI a new tumor recurrence was noted. A third craniotomy was performed and the tumor removed. Histological examination revealed dedifferentiation to glioblastoma multiforme. The patient was referred to the oncology department and received chemotherapy with temozolamide. 8 months later the patient was stable without tumor recurrence. PXAs require close follow-up because of their unpredictable biological behaviour. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York."
}