@article{3130738,
    title = "Thoracic paravertebral spread using two different ultrasound-guided intercostal injection techniques in human cadavers",
    author = "Paraskeuopoulos, T. and Saranteas, T. and Kouladouros, K. and Krepi, H. and Nakou, M. and Kostopanagiotou, G. and Anagnostopoulou, S.",
    journal = "Clinical Anatomy",
    year = "2010",
    volume = "23",
    number = "7",
    pages = "840-847",
    publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Inc",
    issn = "0897-3806, 1098-2353",
    doi = "10.1002/ca.21021",
    keywords = "methylene blue, anatomical variation;  article;  cadaver;  human;  injection;  intercostal muscle;  pleura;  priority journal;  ultrasound;  vertebra;  aged;  comparative study;  endoscopic echography;  female;  male;  nerve block;  procedures;  spinal anesthesia;  very elderly, Aged;  Aged, 80 and over;  Anesthesia, Spinal;  Female;  Humans;  Injections;  Male;  Nerve Block;  Ultrasonography, Interventional",
    abstract = "The continuity between the intercostal and paravertebral space has been established by several studies. In this study, the paravertebral spread of a colored dye was attempted with two different ultrasound-guided techniques. The posterior area of the trunk was scanned with a linear probe between the level of the fifth and the seventh thoracic vertebrae in eleven embalmed human cadavers. In the first technique, the probe was placed transversely below the inferior margin of the rib, and a needle was inserted between the internal intercostal membrane and the pleura. In the second technique, the probe was placed longitudinally at the intercostal space 5 cm lateral to the spinous processes, and the needle was inserted between the internal intercostal membrane and the pleura. In both techniques, 1 ml of methylene blue was injected, and both the intercostal and paravertebral spaces were prepared. In total, 33 injections were performed: 19 with the transverse technique and 14 with the longitudinal technique. Successful spread of the dye to the thoracic paravertebral space was recorded in 89.5% cases using the transverse technique and 92.8% cases using the longitudinal technique. No intrapleural spread of the dye was recorded in either technique. Ultrasound-guided injection into the intercostal space may offer an alternative approach to the thoracic paravertebral space. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc."
}