@article{3144382,
    title = "Early alterations of the innate and adaptive immune statuses in sepsis
according to the type of underlying infection",
    author = "Gogos, Charalambos and Kotsaki, Antigone and Pelekanou, Aimilia and and Giannikopoulos, George and Vaki, Ilia and Maravitsa, Panagiota and and Adamis, Stephanos and Alexiou, Zoi and Andrianopoulos, George and and Antonopoulou, Anastasia and Athanassia, Sofia and Baziaka, Fotini and and Charalambous, Aikaterini and Christodoulou, Sofia and Dimopoulou, Ioanna and and Floros, Ioannis and Giannitsioti, Efthymia and Gkanas, Panagiotis and and Ioakeimidou, Aikaterini and Kanellakopoulou, Kyriaki and Karabela, and Niki and Karagianni, Vassiliki and Katsarolis, Ioannis and Kontopithari, and Georgia and Kopterides, Petros and Koutelidakis, Ioannis and Koutoukas, and Pantelis and Kranidioti, Hariklia and Lignos, Michalis and Louis, and Konstantinos and Lymberopoulou, Korina and Mainas, Efstratios and and Marioli, Androniki and Massouras, Charalambos and Mavrou, Irini and and Mpalla, Margarita and Michalia, Martha and Mylona, Heleni and Mytas, and Vassilios and Papanikolaou, Ilias and Papanikolaou, Konstantinos and and Patrani, Maria and Perdios, Ioannis and Plachouras, Diamantis and and Pistiki, Aikaterini and Protopapas, Konstantinos and Rigaki, Kalliopi and and Sakka, Vissaria and Sartzi, Monika and Skouras, Vassilios and Souli, and Maria and Spyridaki, Aikaterini and Strouvalis, Ioannis and Tsaganos, and Thomas and Zografos, George and Mandragos, Konstantinos and and Klouva-Molyvdas, Phylis and Maggina, Nina and Giamarellou, Helen and and Armaganidis, Apostolos and Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J.",
    journal = "Critical Care and Resuscitation",
    year = "2010",
    volume = "14",
    number = "3",
    publisher = "BioMed Central Ltd.",
    doi = "10.1186/cc9031",
    abstract = "Introduction: Although major changes of the immune system have been
described in sepsis, it has never been studied whether these may differ
in relation to the type of underlying infection or not. This was studied
for the first time.
Methods: The statuses of the innate and adaptive immune systems were
prospectively compared in 505 patients. Whole blood was sampled within
less than 24 hours of advent of sepsis; white blood cells were stained
with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed though a flow cytometer.
Results: Expression of HLA-DR was significantly decreased among patients
with severe sepsis/shock due to acute pyelonephritis and intraabdominal
infections compared with sepsis. The rate of apoptosis of natural killer
(NK) cells differed significantly among patients with severe
sepsis/shock due to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and
hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) compared with sepsis. The rate of
apoptosis of NKT cells differed significantly among patients with severe
sepsis/shock due to acute pyelonephritis, primary bacteremia and VAP/HAP
compared with sepsis. Regarding adaptive immunity, absolute counts of
CD4-lymphocytes were significantly decreased among patients with severe
sepsis/shock due to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and
intraabdominal infections compared with sepsis. Absolute counts of
B-lymphocytes were significantly decreased among patients with severe
sepsis/shock due to CAP compared with sepsis.
Conclusions: Major differences of the early statuses of the innate and
adaptive immune systems exist between sepsis and severe sepsis/shock in
relation to the underlying type of infection. These results may have a
major impact on therapeutics."
}